Upstream, Downstream, China, India: The Politics of Environment in the Himalayan Region

Abstract

There is a long history of debate about the changing Hindu Kush‐Himalaya (HKH) environment, but with important disjunctures between research, international environmental agendas and institutions, and various different domestic policies at the national level. Within academe, a retreat from the Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation (THED) since the late 1980s has not been reflected to any degree in domestic policy agendas of India and China. Here, we make a comparative analysis of the “upstream downstream” debates (which claim that the resource use practices of upstream users have serious detrimental costs to those downstream) in two of the most powerful and populous countries of the HKH region: India and China. We find that the rejection of THED is, on the whole, contradicted but sometimes appropriated by different national players within important political arenas, and in this sense it becomes a discursive pawn in “games of the state.” Parts of the retreat from THED are simply ignored, and others are actively resisted. Set against these discursive maneuvers within domestic politics, the academic “state of the game” has undergone profound changes, shifting away from technically derived and science‐led imperatives of environmental management toward issues of plural environmental truths, environmental justice, and hybrid knowledge. However, national debates have taken their individual routes, shaped largely by national political events. Thus, the poststructuralist turn in the social sciences in the academy and in some policy arenas, too—the deconstruction of one grand environmental narrative after another (e.g., deforestation, the wood fuel crisis, overstocking), the faltering claims of positivist science to deliver truth, and growing attacks of uncertainty—all this has had a contingent, but usually peripheral, impact upon national academic, political, and policy agendas in China and India. Some conclusions about policy studies are drawn.

Political ecology and the epistemology of social justice

“…It is worth noting that today, these and other authors now criticize this vision and especially the so-called 'Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation' -in which population pressure and commercialization may lead to a downward spiral of deforestation and land failure (Blaikie, Cameron and Seddon, 2002;Blaikie and Muldavin, 2004;Ives, 2004). But for we callow students at the time, this was exciting stuff.…”

A multi-level perspective on conserving with communities: Experiences from upper tributary watersheds in montane mainland Southeast Asia

“…Scientific understanding of the hydrological consequences of changes in landuse in upper tributary watersheds is also intentionally misrepresented to achieve consistency with other upland management and development objectives (Forsyth 1998;Walker 2003;Blaikie and Muldavin 2004). Floods, erosion, sedimentation and dry season water shortages are all blamed on upstream activities by those living downstream.…”

Integrating local hybrid knowledge and state support for climate change adaptation in the Asian Highlands

“…Given the history of uneven political power and representation in the Asian Highlands, local knowledge is often discounted because local people's objectives are often at odds with government goals (Blaikie and Muldavin 2004;Scott 1998). For example, local claims on natural resources are often downplayed since governments want to use them for national development.…”