Upregulation of microRNA-93-5p/microRNA-4668-5p, and promoter methylation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and interleukin-16 genes in Turkish patients with rheumatoid arthritis

MiRNA-93: a novel signature in human disorders and drug resistance

“…Research on these samples shows that changes in miRNA-93 expression are associated either positively or negatively with its target genes (Table 6 ). For instance, hsa-miRNA-93-5p expression and MMP-3 promoter methylation were found to be potential biomarkers for the etiology of RA and the development of the disease, as reported by Celik et al [ 22 ]. Likewise, Qiao et al found that miRNA-93-5p is negatively targeted by circRNA 0,048,211 in order to upregulate BMP2, which increases the progression of postmenopausal osteoporosis [ 109 ].…”

“…hy926 endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation, which decreases CDKN1A expression [ 110 ] Mild Head Trauma miRNA 93 59 sample and 91 controls - Upregulated Validity of Serum miRNA 93 Can Reduce the Need for CT scans in Patients with Mild Head Injury [ 113 ] Multiple blunt trauma miRNA-93 A total of 60 healthy controls and 50 consecutive persons with MBT who are matched for age and sex - Upregulated In individuals with multiple traumas, miRNA-93 may be a helpful biomarker for assessing the severity of the injuries [ 114 ] Periodontitis miRNA-93 3 sample HIF-1α, NFAT5 Upregulated MiRNA-93 expression increased in periodontitis patients, whereas NFAT5 mRNA expression decreased. Additionally, hypoxic environments cause GMSCs to increase HIF-1 expression [ 115 ] Chronic kidney disease miRNA-93-5p 67 CKD patients with KT, 73 patients with CKD stages 3 to 5, and 36 healthy controls - Downregulated Levels of miRNA-93-5p are linked to CKD stage, inflammation, and bone metrics [ 116 ] Rheumatoid arthritis miRNA-93-5p 49 RA sample and 38 controls MMP-3, IL-16 Upregulated MMP-3 promoter methylation and miRNA-93-5p expression levels may serve as helpful biomarkers for the pathophysiology of RA [ 22 ] …”

“…In addition to cancer, miRNA-93 has also been implicated in non-malignant disorders, such as osteoarthritis [ 21 ], rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [ 22 ], atherosclerosis [ 23 ], hepatic injury [ 24 ], Parkinson's disease [ 25 ], acute myocardial infarction [ 26 ], and chronic kidney disease [ 27 ]. Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), a proteolytic enzyme that breaks down collagen fiber that is primarily produced in inflamed joints and ultimately plays a substantial role in joint inflammation and bone erosion in RA, is a key participant in the etiology of the disease [ 28 ].…”

“…By specifically targeting the 3′UTR of MMP3 , miRNA-93 reduced MMP3 expression [ 29 ]. Furthermore, the methylation of the promoter MMP3 gene is caused by the overexpression of the miRNA-93 gene [ 22 ].…”