Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Pathology

Pathobiology of cigarette smoke-induced invasive cancer of the renal pelvis and its prevention by vitamin C

“…Here, we showed that CS exposure produced invasive tumor (pT1) that has penetrated the basement membrane to invade the lamina propria in the renal pelvis. pT1 usually progresses to more invasive muscularis propria (pT2) and renal parenchyma (pT3) [ 7 ].…”