Upper Limb Design of an Anthropometric Crash Test Dummy for Low Impact Rates

Abstract

The article presents the design of the upper limb joints of an anthropometric dummy intended for rear crash tests for low impact speeds. These joints represent the connection of the hand to the forearm, the forearm to the arm, and the arm to the shoulder. The designed joint is adapted to the construction of a dummy representing the 50th percentile male. The joints currently used on Hybrid III dummies require calibration after each crash test. The construction of the new joint ensures the appropriate strength of individual joint elements and the repeatable value of the joint characteristics without the need for frequent calibrations. The designed joints have the ability to set a variable stiffness characteristic, thanks to which it is possible to use this joint universally in dummies representing populations of other percentile sizes. The range of movement of the joints has been selected to reflect the range of mobility of the upper limb of an adult. The characteristics of the joints were compared with those used in the joints of the Hybrid III 50 percentile male dummy. Moreover, it should be noted that the constructed joints of the upper limb are made by hand; therefore, their comparison with the Hybrid III dummy shows some deviations in the moments of resistance. Making the joints with a 3D printer, taking into account the appropriate material, will ensure greater accuracy and will also result in joining the individual elements of the joint into a whole. The obtained results show slight differences between the moment of resistance in the joints of the constructed anthropometric dummy compared to the hybrid III dummy.

Analysis of the Head of a Simulation Crash Test Dummy with Speed Motion

“…Work on the physical structure of the simulation dummy involves the use of elements corresponding to the shape, mass, and dimensions of individual parts of the human body, as well as the use of special joints reflecting the range of motion of individual human joints [44].…”

“…All elements of the dummy are connected with each other by means of elaborate joints that reflect the range of human body movement. The model of the simulation dummy was made in the MSC Adams program [44,60]. This program examines the dynamics of the movement of the various parts of the dummy's body.…”

“…These studies showed that a suitable belt load limiter could reduce dummy injuries. On the other hand, in [44], simulation tests were used to develop a system for restraining bus passengers during emergency braking. These simulation studies have shown that three-point seat belts can better protect the passenger, and that increasing the angle of the airbag can reduce the amount of injury to passengers.…”

Pedestrian Safety in Frontal Tram Collision, Part 2: Laminated Glass as a Crucial Part of the Absorption and Deformation Zone—Its Impact Test and Analysis

“…Although there is a plethora of published works on road vehicle collisions, most of them deal with occupants, i.e., persons inside the vehicle, or the collisions of pedestrians with cars but not trams (e.g., [5][6][7]). In general, it might be difficult to use conventional dummies to study collision situations because this necessitates the wide positioning of extremities against the position of the main body and also makes specific demands on their construction to avoid the distortion of data during the experiment [8]. For a number of situations, mainly in automotive industry, dummies can thus not be directly and easily used [9].…”

Evaluation of Driver’s Reaction Time Measured in Driving Simulator

“…Young drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol have a higher risk of accident involvement at all blood alcohol concentration levels [24,25]. Many authors have proved that sober drivers represent a lower accident risk [26,27].…”