Upgrading of oil sand bitumen over an iron oxide catalyst using sub- and super-critical water

Kondoh, Hisaki; Nakasaka, Yuta; Kitaguchi, Tatsuya; Yoshikawa, Takuya; Tago, Teruoki; Masuda, Toshio

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.030

Cited by 30 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, the heavy components were separated from the liquid by solvent fractionation, and only the lighter components of the liquid remained in the n ‐hexane soluble fraction. It was previously reported that cracking of heavy oil under high‐pressure steam was effective in suppressing coke formation from the heavy components . Therefore, it was concluded that polymerization of the n ‐hexane soluble fraction did not occur to a significant extent under high‐pressure steam.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fractionation of Degraded Lignin by Using a Water/1‐Butanol Mixture with a Solid‐Acid Catalyst: A Potential Source of Phenolic Compounds

et al. 2017

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Fractionation of a lignin‐derived liquid using a water/1‐butanol mixture was investigated with the aim of developing a source of phenols. The effect of various phases on lignin depolymerization by using a water/1‐butanol mixture with a solid acid catalyst was investigated. The water/1‐butanol solvent was confirmed to be heterogeneous under the reaction conditions, and the liquid phase was essential for effective depolymerization of lignin. To make optimum use of the depolymerized lignin and to understand its chemical structure, solvent fractionation was performed by using a water/tetrahydrofuran solution, ethyl acetate, and n‐hexane as solvents. Catalytic cracking of the n‐hexane soluble fraction was performed over an iron oxide catalyst by using a high‐pressure fixed‐bed flow reactor at 673 K. The production of phenol was confirmed, and the demethoxylation reaction was examined by using model compounds. In addition, as the heavy components were extracted during the solvent fractionation, as confirmed by analysis of the molecular structures of the fractionated components, the formation of solid products could be suppressed to a level below 2.5 molC % based on lignin.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fractionation of Degraded Lignin by Using a Water/1‐Butanol Mixture with a Solid‐Acid Catalyst: A Potential Source of Phenolic Compounds

et al. 2017

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“…The results obtained from steam catalytic cracking of coal tar are shown in Table . Generally, the initial step of hydrocarbon compounds cracking reactions follows a free radical mechanism . The water conversion for the blank test is 9.9 %.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steam catalytic cracking of coal tar over iron‐containing mixed metal oxides

Wang

Jin

et al. 2018

Can J Chem Eng

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Steam catalytic cracking is deemed as a promising method for the catalytic cracking of coal tar. In this study, a serial of iron-containing mixed metal oxides including ceria, zirconia, alumina, cobalt, nickel, and barium oxides were prepared for steam catalytic cracking of coal tar and characterized by N 2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, H 2 temperature programmed reduction, and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that the specific surface area and pore volume increase while the crystal size decreases when Fe 2 O 3 was doped with the investigated metal oxides. Among these, iron-alumina mixed oxide (FeAl) shows the highest specific surface area and pore volume. The H 2 -TPR analysis indicated that most of the mixed metal oxides have lower reduction temperature, especially for iron-ceria mixed oxide (FeCe). The reduction temperature of FeCe is around 500 8C, and its reduction peak shifts to a lower temperature and becomes narrower as compared to other iron-containing mixed metal oxides. The steam catalytic cracking of coal tar at 550 8C showed that the light tar content (below 360 8C) over FeCe, FeCo, and FeAl are 68.5, 67.0, and 66.5 %, respectively. The increase of CO 2 and H 2 over iron-containing mixed metal oxides suggested that oxygen species from iron-containing mixed metal oxides and steam could participate in the steam catalytic cracking of coal tar.

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“…The heavy hydrocarbons deposited on the catalyst were decomposed slowly to light fractions. Consequently, residue yield and H/C ratio decreased after 4 h. Heavy hydrocarbons were deposited on the catalyst in the initial reaction stage but a complex metal oxide catalyst of iron, cerium, zirconium, and aluminum was durable after 6 h in supercritical water with less than 10 % coke 17) . In the present study, less than 10 % coke may be achieved and so the catalyst was durable for AR cracking under a steam atmosphere.…”

Section: Change In Catalytic Activity During Heavymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnetite structure was also oxidized to hematite by air calcination. Iron oxide-based catalyst showed excellent usability for oil sand bitumen upgrading as approximately 10 % of coke was removed by air calcination after 6 h of bitumen cracking and the catalyst was reused 17) . The activity of zirconia-impregnated macro-mesoporous red mud was maintained over repeated reaction and regeneration cycles 18) .…”

Section: Characterization Of Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upgrading of Heavy Oil with Steam Using Iron Oxide-based Catalyst

Fumoto

2018

J. Jpn. Petrol. Inst.

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Heavy oil, such as petroleum residual oil, requires upgrading for use in the production of transportation fuels in the petroleum industry. Heavy oil has low hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio and high viscosity, and contains impurities such as sulfur and metals. Various conventional upgrading processes including coking, visbreaking, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC), and deasphalting have been developed 1). Hydrogen addition is useful to convert heavy oil to light fractions with high H/C ratio and low sulfur content, resulting in lower coke yield, but hydrogen is expensive. Water has good potential as a hydrogen source for the upgrading of heavy oil. Upgrading of heavy oil with water requires the following catalyst properties: high activity to decompose heavy oil, stable activity under severe hydrothermal or steam conditions, and resistance to deposition of coke, sulfur, and metals. Upgrading of heavy oil with water has been reported using various catalysts, such as nickel potassium 2) 4) , cerium oxide 5),6) , titania _ zirconia 7) , and iron oxide 8) 21). Iron oxide is inexpensive and is a candidate catalyst for industrial upgrading of heavy oil with water. We previously developed a zirconia-supporting iron oxide catalyst to decompose petroleum residual oil under a steam atmosphere 8). The physical durability of the catalyst was enhanced by addition of aluminum to iron oxide 9),10). Upgrading of oil sand bitumen was investigated with iron oxide-based catalysts using suband super-critical water 17). Catalytic cracking of petroleum residual oil can be achieved with silicasupported iron oxide catalysts in supercritical water 16). Steam catalytic cracking of petroleum residual oil is possible using zirconia-impregnated macro-mesoporous red mud, which contains iron oxide and alumina 18),19). This review examines catalytic cracking of heavy oil using iron oxide-based catalysts containing zirconium and aluminum under a steam atmosphere. 2. Catalytic Cracking of Heavy Oil with Steam 2. 1. Oxidative Cracking of Heavy Oil Catalytic cracking of atmospheric residual oil (AR) with steam was conducted at 748 K under atmospheric pressure using a fixed-bed reactor. Figure 1 shows the schematic experimental apparatus 11). A complex metal oxide catalyst was prepared by a coprecipitation method using a water solution of iron chloride, aluminum chloride, and zirconium oxychloride. The catalyst was treated at 873 K for 1 h under a steam atmosphere and sieved to obtain particles of 300-850 μm. The molar composition of the catalyst was Zr/Fe 0.063, Al/Fe 0.13, abbreviated as Zr _ Al _ FeOx. The obtained cata-323

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Upgrading of oil sand bitumen over an iron oxide catalyst using sub- and super-critical water

Cited by 30 publications

References 29 publications

Fractionation of Degraded Lignin by Using a Water/1‐Butanol Mixture with a Solid‐Acid Catalyst: A Potential Source of Phenolic Compounds

Fractionation of Degraded Lignin by Using a Water/1‐Butanol Mixture with a Solid‐Acid Catalyst: A Potential Source of Phenolic Compounds

Steam catalytic cracking of coal tar over iron‐containing mixed metal oxides

Upgrading of Heavy Oil with Steam Using Iron Oxide-based Catalyst

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