2014
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.076
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Upgrading and extraction of bitumen from Nigerian tar sand by supercritical carbon dioxide

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Cited by 34 publications
(23 citation statements)
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“…In 2010, 55% of its tar sands production was from mining operations with a maximum burial depth of 75 m while in situ operations produced, the other 45% had deeper depths. The proportion of non-upgraded bitumen exports is projected to increase from 42% of total production in 2009, to 52% by 2019 (Spirov et al, 2013; Rudyk and Spirov, 2014). …”
Section: Other Applications For Biosurfactants In the Oil Industrymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In 2010, 55% of its tar sands production was from mining operations with a maximum burial depth of 75 m while in situ operations produced, the other 45% had deeper depths. The proportion of non-upgraded bitumen exports is projected to increase from 42% of total production in 2009, to 52% by 2019 (Spirov et al, 2013; Rudyk and Spirov, 2014). …”
Section: Other Applications For Biosurfactants In the Oil Industrymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the SAGD process, a pair of horizontal wellbores or pipes (an injector and a producer), is drilled into oil sands, 80-1000 meters deep [46,47], depending on the reservoir. Steam is injected from above-surface facilities into the injector, then rises, condenses, and washes the hot bitumen along with condensed water into the producer well that is 3-5 m below the injector well.…”
Section: Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (Sagd)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, heavy oil, usually characterized by its high viscosity, high density, small gravity, and low H/C ratio (1.2-1.4) cannot be directly refined by existing processes [2,10]. Additionally, high concentrations of heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, sulfur, nickel, and vanadium) accumulated in heavy oil will cause serious environmental concerns if not disposed [6,12,13]. Therefore, research on the technologies of upgrading heavy oil has, globally, received continuous attention.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%