Updating the Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are two important vectors of several important arboviruses, including the dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Insecticide application is an important approach to reduce vector abundance during Aedes spp.-borne outbreaks in the absence of effective vaccines and treatments. However, insecticide overuse can result in the development of resistance, and careful monitoring of resistance markers is required. Methods: This meta-analysis and systematic review explored the spatial and temporal patterns of insecticide resistance in Asia from 2000 to 2021. PubMed, Scopus, EbscoHost, and Embase were used to enhance the search capability. The random-effects model was applied for the 94 studies that met our inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. Results: Four major insecticides were studied (malathion, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, permethrin, and deltamethrin). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane resistance rates were high in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (68% and 64%, respectively). Conversely, malathion resistance was less prevalent in Ae. aegypti (3%), and deltamethrin resistance was less common in Ae. albopictus (2%). Ae. aegypti displayed consistently high resistance rates (35%) throughout the study period, whereas the rate of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus increased from 5% to 12%. The rates of the major kdr mutations F1534C, V1016G, and S989P were 29%, 26%, and 22%, respectively. Conclusions: Insecticide resistance in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus is widespread in Asia, although the rates vary by country. Continuous monitoring of the resistance markers and modification of the control strategies will be important for preventing unexpected outbreaks. This systematic review and meta-analysis provided up-to-date information on insecticide resistance in dengue-endemic countries in Asia.

Evaluation of Implementation of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Surveillance

“…Based on PE guidelines, fogging is carried out if there are one or more DHF sufferers with/or three suspected dengue infections and larvae (= 5%) are found in an area [41]. Excessive use of fogging can have a resistance effect on mosquitoes [42]. Resistant mosquitoes are more difficult to kill [43].…”

Upsurge of dengue outbreaks in several WHO regions: Public awareness, vector control activities, and international collaborations are key to prevent spread

“…It encompasses environmental improvements, such as enhanced urban planning strategies to mitigate water accumulation and use biological control approaches utilizing natural predators of Aedes mosquitoes. IPM solutions employ techniques that minimize reliance on chemical pesticides, mitigating the risk of resistance development 71,72 . It is imperative to emphasize enhancing public understanding regarding dengue transmission, prevention, and control 73 .…”

Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in border areas of Yunnan Province

“…6 Similarly, insecticide resistance is prevalent in several Asian countries, including Thailand, India, Malaysia, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia, which have a heavy burden of mosquito-borne diseases. 7 In 2023, Konkon et al discovered insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti in southern Benin, West Africa.…”

“…aegypti was resistant to deltamethrin in Brazil from 1985 to 2017 6 . Similarly, insecticide resistance is prevalent in several Asian countries, including Thailand, India, Malaysia, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia, which have a heavy burden of mosquito‐borne diseases 7 . In 2023, Konkon et al .…”