Update on Microbe-Induced Epigenetic Changes: Bacterial Effectors and Viral Oncoproteins as Epigenetic Dysregulators

Niller, Hans Helmut; Bánáti, Ferenc; Nagy, Katalin; Buzás, Krisztina; Minárovits, János

doi:10.2217/fvl.13.97

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Since the number of viruses in the oral cavity is high, their role in periodontitis and host modulation is understudy. These two important microbial entities, namely viruses and bacteria, have developed diverse mechanisms to directly affect host cell epigenetics driving pathogenesis and oncogenesis [90,91,92,93]. It is noteworthy that certain bacteria and viruses show mutual relationship affecting the host.…”

Section: Non-bacterial Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biofilm Community: Rebels with a Cause

Aruni

Dou

Mishra

et al. 2015

Curr Oral Health Rep

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Oral Biofilms are one of the most complex and diverse ecosystem developed by successive colonization of more than 600 bacterial taxa. Development starts with the attachment of early colonizers such as Actinomyces species and oral streptococci on the acquired pellicle and tooth enamel. These bacteria not only adhere to tooth surface but also interact with each other and lay foundation for attachment of bridging colonizer such as Fusobacterium nucleatum followed by late colonizers including the red complex species: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola-the founders of periodontal disease. As the biofilm progresses from supragingival sites to subgingival sites, the environment changes from aerobic to anaerobic thus favoring the growth of mainly Gram-negative obligate anaerobes while restricting the growth of the early Gram-positive facultative aerobes. Microbes present at supragingival level are mainly related to gingivitis and root-caries whereas subgingival species advance the destruction of teeth supporting tissues and thus causing periodontitis. This review summarizes our present understanding and recent developments on the characteristic features of supra- and subgingival biofilms, interaction between different genera and species of bacteria constituting these biofilms and draws our attention to the role of some of the recently discovered members of the oral community.

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Section: Non-bacterial Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biofilm Community: Rebels with a Cause

Aruni

Dou

Mishra

et al. 2015

Curr Oral Health Rep

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“…34 It has also been shown that microbial pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and their virulence factors, can further deregulate the epigenetic machinery of the host cell with the intention of circumventing host defense mechanisms, thereby favoring the colonization, growth, or spread of infectious pathogens. 35 The role of environmental factors, including bacterial infection and tissue inflammation in some oral diseases, have recently been explored and have been shown to be capable of inducing epigenetic changes in pulpal 36,37 and periodontal tissues. 38-,39,40 Since the FOXP3 promoter gene is encoded on the X chromosome, most studies choose to use only male donors in order to avoid bias due to the inactivity of the X chromosome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Methylation patterns of immune response-related genes in inflammatory external root resorption

et al. 2020

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Inflammatory external root resorption (IERR) is a pathological process defined by the progressive loss of dental hard tissue, dentin, and cementum, resulting from the combination of the loss of external root protective apparatus and root canal infection. It has been suggested that healing patterns after tooth replantation may be influenced by the genetic and immunological profiles of the patients. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the DNA methylation patterns of 22 immune response-related genes in extracted human teeth presenting with IERR. Methylation assays were performed on samples of root fragments showing IERR and compared with healthy bone tissue collected during the surgical extraction of impacted teeth. The methylation patterns were quantified using EpiTect Methyl II Signature Human Cytokine Production PCR Array. The results revealed significantly higher hypermethylation of the FOXP3 gene promoter in IERR (65.95%) than in the bone group (23.43%) (p < 0.001). The ELANE gene was also highly methylated in the pooled IERR sample, although the difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.054). Our study suggests that the differential methylation patterns of immune response-related genes, such as FOXP3 and ELANE, may be involved in IERR modulation, and this could be related to the presence of root canal infection. However, further studies are needed to corroborate these findings to determine the functional relevance of these alterations and their role in the pathogenesis of IERR.

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“…It uses the alteration of methylation pattern of genes, as a tool. The epigenetic memory has an important role in the life of unicellulars as their enemiesviruses and bacteriacan induce epigenetic alterations (reprogramming), which are inherited to the progenies and help to vanquish further infections [103,104], and also helps to adapt to environmental changes [105]. As the inherited epigenetic alteration is not a genetic (base-sequence dependent) one, it introduces a Lamarckian factor into evolution [106].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex multicellular functions at a unicellular eukaryote level: Learning, memory, and immunity

Csaba

2017

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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According to experimental data, eukaryote unicellulars are able to learn, have immunity and memory. Learning is carried out in a very primitive form, and the memory is not neural but an epigenetic one. However, this epigenetic memory, which is well justified by the presence and manifestation of hormonal imprinting, is strong and permanent in the life of cell and also in its progenies. This memory is epigenetically executed by the alteration and fixation of methylation pattern of genes without changes in base sequences. The immunity of unicellulars is based on self/non-self discrimination, which leads to the destruction of non-self invaders and utilization of them as nourishment (by phagocytosis). The tools of learning, memory, and immunity of unicellulars are uniformly found in plasma membrane receptors, which formed under the effect of dynamic receptor pattern generation, suggested by Koch et al., and this is the basis of hormonal imprinting, by which the encounter between a chemical substance and the cell is specifically memorized. The receptors and imprinting are also used in the later steps of evolution up to mammals (including man) in each mentioned functions. This means that learning, memory, and immunity can be deduced to a unicellular eukaryote level.

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Update on Microbe-Induced Epigenetic Changes: Bacterial Effectors and Viral Oncoproteins as Epigenetic Dysregulators

Cited by 5 publications

References 149 publications

The Biofilm Community: Rebels with a Cause

The Biofilm Community: Rebels with a Cause

DNA Methylation patterns of immune response-related genes in inflammatory external root resorption

Complex multicellular functions at a unicellular eukaryote level: Learning, memory, and immunity

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