Update on global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies

Jefferies, Meryem; Rauff, Bisma; Rashid, Harunor; Lam, Thao Minh; Rafiq, Shafquat

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i13.589

Cited by 278 publications

(248 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…(23) No studies have been previously conducted in northern Central America, a region characterized by high AFB 1 exposure, but low prevalence of chronic HBV infection. (24) Therefore, this study provides insight into whether AFB 1 is associated with HCC in the absence of HBV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Analysis of TP53 gene mutations demonstrates that aflatoxin is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Guatemala

Álvarez¹,

Ortiz

Bendfeldt-Avila

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Guatemala has the highest incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the dominant type of liver cancer, in the Western Hemisphere. The major risk factors in Guatemala are not well-characterized, but the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) appear to be low, while the prevalence of aflatoxin (AFB 1 ) exposure appears to be high. To examine whether AFB 1 could be a risk factor for HCC in Guatemala, this study examined the frequency of the AFB 1 -signature mutation in the TP53 gene (R249S) as well as other somatic mutations.Methods Ninety-one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) HCC tissues were obtained from three hospitals in Guatemala City. An additional, eighteen tumor tissues preserved in RNAlater were also obtained. Targeted sequencing of TP53 was successfully performed in 89 of the FFPE samples, and a panel of 245 genes were sequenced in the RNAlater samples.Results Overall, 47% of HCCs had a TP53 mutation. The AFB 1 -signature R249S mutation was present in 24%. Among the RNAlater samples, 44% had any TP53 mutation and 33% had the R249S mutation. Other somatic mutations were identified in known HCC driver genes such as ARID1A , ARID2 , and CTNNB1 .Conclusions The presence of the TP53 R249S mutation indicates that AFB 1 is a risk factor for HCC in Guatemala. The proportion of HBV positive tumors was low, suggesting that AFB 1 is associated with HCC in the absence of concomitant HBV infection. To decrease the risk of HCC in Guatemala, AFB 1 abatements efforts are warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Analysis of TP53 gene mutations demonstrates that aflatoxin is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Guatemala

Álvarez¹,

Ortiz

Bendfeldt-Avila

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main health problems affecting 71 million people worldwide [1]. Despite the remarkable healing effect of the newly introduced direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), several issues are still not resolved or are under dispute [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy, Mitophagy and MicroRNA Expression in Chronic Hepatitis C and Autoimmune Hepatitis

Szekerczés

Gógl

Illyés

et al. 2020

Pathol. Oncol. Res.

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Although the role of autophagy has been implicated in several forms of chronic hepatitis, it is still not fully understood. Active autophagy eliminates damaged molecules and organelles (such as mitochondria) by lysosomal degradation. In the present study, we aimed to examine and compare autophagy activity in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) by detecting the expression of autophagy (LC3 and p62) and mitochondrium-related (TOMM20) proteins, as well as the levels of selected microRNAs (miR-101, -155, -204 and − 224) known to be involved in the regulation of autophagy. In addition, the expression levels were related to pathohistological parameters. Liver biopsy samples, including 45 CHC and 18 AIH cases, were immunohistochemically stained for LC3, p62 and TOMM20 and the expression of miRNAs was determined using real-time PCR. We found elevated LC3 and p62 in AIH samples as compared with CHC ones, indicating an activated autophagy that is impaired in AIH as no degradation of p62 seemed to occur. Moreover, p62 showed strong correlation with necroinflammatory grades in the AIH group. The observed elevated levels of TOMM20 and p62 suggest a less efficient elimination of damaged mitochondria in AIH as opposed to CHC, in which autophagy seems to have a more active function. The level of miR-101 was increased in case of CHC as compared with AIH, however, miR-155, -204 and 224 resulted in no expressional. Furthermore, miR-224 level correlated with steatosis and miR-155 expression with fibrosis stage in CHC. In conclusion, dissimilar autophagic activity was observed in CHC and AIH, suggesting a close association between impaired autophagy and severity of necroinflammation. This impairment may not be regulated by the analyzed miRNAs. Nevertheless, miR-224 and − 155 seem to be associated with CHC progression.

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“…Chronic hepatitis B and C infections are among the major public health issues and also among the leading causes of liver-related diseases and mortality in the world [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Level of Vaccination and Protection Against Hepatitis B with Low Rate of Hepatitis C HCV infection Markers among Hospital Health Care Personnel in North of Iran: A cross-Sectional study.

Saffar

Khoshayand

Parsaei

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C virus (HCV) are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Health care personnel (HCP) are subjected to increased risk of these infections. Therefore, HBV vaccination and post-vaccination serologic testing (PVST) are recommended for them. Our Objectives in this study were investigate how well the vaccination guidelines for hospital HCPs were implemented. Moreover, the prevalence rates of HBV and HCV infections were calculated. To determine the presence of immunological memory, vaccinated personnel negative to antibody against HB surface antigen with one dose of HB vaccine were boosted. Methods: From 1 July to 30 November 2017, a cross-Sectional study among HCPs working in public hospitals were conducted. All HCPs from various professional categories potentially at risk of exposure to contaminated sources were included. The information was gathered via interview and self-administered questionnaire. The questions were focused on the demographic characteristics, HB vaccination and immunity status and time elapsed since initial vaccination series, and frequency of needelstick injuries during the past 12 months of their work. Moreover, the prevalence rate of HBV and HCV infections were calculated. To determine the presence of immunological memory, subjects negative to HBV seromarkers received a booster dose of the vaccine. Results: A total of 186 out of 766 participants were male and nurses comprised 71% of personnel. Although all HCP were vaccinated, 84% of them completed the course and less than 5% of them received PVST. According to the results, 0.78%, 4.6%, and 83% were serologically positive to HBV surface antigen, antibodies against HBV core, and S antigens, respectively. Approximately, 91% of seronegative participants responded to a booster dose and only 0.91% of the personnel had HCV was Anti-HCV positive. Conclusion: Most HCP received full HBV vaccination course. Although a minority did PVST, the HBV vaccine-induced long-term protection and HBV booster were not required. Therefore, policies should be made to increase the rate PVST after immunization. According to the results, the HCV infection rate was low and thus pre-recruitment screening was not necessary.

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Update on global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies

Cited by 278 publications

References 63 publications

Analysis of TP53 gene mutations demonstrates that aflatoxin is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Guatemala

Analysis of TP53 gene mutations demonstrates that aflatoxin is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in Guatemala

Autophagy, Mitophagy and MicroRNA Expression in Chronic Hepatitis C and Autoimmune Hepatitis

High Level of Vaccination and Protection Against Hepatitis B with Low Rate of Hepatitis C HCV infection Markers among Hospital Health Care Personnel in North of Iran: A cross-Sectional study.

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