Update on Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia in the Adult Horse

Reuss, Sarah M.; Giguère, Steeve

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.002

Cited by 50 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In response to lung damage, sterile fluid fills the pleural space, but if the infection extends to the pleural surface, pleuropneumonia develops. 26 The presence of necrotizing pneumonia confers a poor prognosis to horses, and most of these animals are euthanized as a result of secondary complications, high cost of medical treatment, or poor prognosis for future performance. 9,25 The most commonly isolated bacterium in this series was S. zooepidemicus (72%), followed by coliforms (22%), mixed bacterial flora (14%), and Actinobacillus spp.…”

Section: Discussion and Review Of The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective study of fatal pneumonia in racehorses

et al. 2017

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Respiratory diseases have a major impact on racehorses in training and are often cited as the second most common reason of horses failing to perform. Cases were submitted by the California Horse Racing Board to the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory for postmortem examination between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2014. We determined the demographics of racehorses with fatal pneumonia, characterized the pathologic findings in animals with a postmortem diagnosis of respiratory infection, and determined the most significant pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract disease. We analyzed autopsy reports from 83 horses with a diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and/or pleuropneumonia. The most common presentation was pleuropneumonia (71% of cases), with extensive areas of lytic necrosis and abscesses of the pulmonary parenchyma. Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus, a normal mucosal commensal of the upper respiratory tract of healthy horses, was the most commonly isolated organism (72% of cases), either in pure culture or accompanied by other aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. Its presence in the pulmonary parenchyma is associated with severe and extensive damage to the lung. Furthermore, this agent has zoonotic potential, which stresses the importance of early detection and proper management of cases of pneumonia in racehorses.

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Section: Discussion and Review Of The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective study of fatal pneumonia in racehorses

et al. 2017

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“…Establishment of infection within the lungs results in increased capillary permeability of the inflamed lung and visceral pleura, resulting in the accumulation of a sterile transudate within the pleural cavity. Bacteria from the infected lung rapidly invade the pleural space, resulting in the accumulation of a large volume of fluid packed with inflammatory cells, cellular debris and bacteria (Oikawa et al 1995;Reuss and Gigu ere 2015). Most studies define long distance transport as over 500 miles, and, as such, it is possible that the relatively short distances that horses travel within the UK, as compared to countries such as the USA and Australia, may contribute to the lower proportion of septic pleural effusions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of pleural effusions in horses resident in the UK

Johns

Marr

Durham³

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Pleural effusions (PE) reportedly occur most commonly secondary to bacterial pneumonia with neoplastic effusions contributing a minority of cases. The majority of reports originate from the USA and Australia, where long distance transport of horses, a recognised risk factor, may occur more frequently than in the UK. Anecdotally, a greater proportion of horses with PE are diagnosed with neoplasia in the UK than has been reported. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the causes of PE in horses in the UK, and to identify markers that can help differentiate between septic and neoplastic causes of PE. Medical records from 4 equine hospitals in the UK were searched for horses diagnosed with PE. Information recorded included case background, admission physical examination and biochemical findings, and characteristics of the effusion (volume, cell count, total protein [TP] concentration). A total of 69 horses were identified, with 26 (38%) diagnosed with a neoplastic effusion. The remainder were categorised as septic, including 14/43 (32.5%) that had a history of international transport. Horses with septic effusions were significantly younger (8 vs. 13 years; P = 0.001) and had significantly smaller volumes of pleural fluid drained at admission (9.8 l vs. 32.2 l; P<0.001). Horses with septic PE had a significantly higher rectal temperature (38.6°C vs. 38.2°C; P = 0.03), fibrinogen concentration (7.8 g/l vs. 5.3 g/l; P = 0.01) and serum amyloid A concentration (230 mg/l vs. 59 mg/l; P = 0.02) than those with neoplastic effusions. Significantly higher pleural fluid cell count and TP concentration were identified in horses with septic PE (63.9 × 109/l vs. 8.6 × 109/l; P<0.001; 57.5 g/l vs. 35.9 g/l; P = 0.04). These results suggest that in the UK, neoplastic effusions account for a greater proportion of PE than previously reported. A large volume of PE in an older horse with a low cell count and relatively low TP concentration should increase the index of suspicion of neoplasia.

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“…O histórico de viagem longa correlacionado aos sinais relatados, sugeriu que o animal teve distúrbio respiratório devido ao estresse e transporte (REUSS; GIGUÈRE, 2015;COHEN, 2015), em um primeiro momento, observado pela presença de secreção nasais, associado a um quadro de cólica, constatado pelos sinais de dor abdominal. Esta afecção respiratória ocorreu pelo transporte longo, a cabeça direcionada contra o vento, exposição a diferentes temperaturas e umidades relativa (NAZARENO et al, 2015;HURLEY et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Duodeno-Jejunite Proximal E Pleuropneumonia Em Um Equino – Relato De Caso

Dias¹,

Zavilenski²,

Schiestl³

et al. 2017

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RESUMOO transporte pode predispor a diversas afecções, entre estas a duodeno-jejunite proximal. A duodeno-jejunite proximal é uma afecção grave que pode ocasionar endotoxemia, síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS), e sepse. O comprometimento dos mecanismos de defesa pulmonar pode resultar em pleuropneumonia. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar um caso de Duodeno-jejunite proximal pelo transporte longo de um equino, que resultou em Pleuropneumonia, o qual sobreviveu pela correta constatação e intervenção das enfermidades. O animal chegou ao Hospital Veterinário da UEM com histórico de transporte longo e sinais de duodeno-jejunite proximal. Após 14 horas de tratamento intensivo o animal apresentou síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS), que resultou em sepse e o desenvolvimento de pleuropneumonia bacteriana. Portanto, sendo também medicado para esta enfermidade, e monitorado por exames ultrassonográficos diários, constatando-se o aumento de líquido acompanhado de dispneia, no terceiro dia. Por isso, optou-se pela drenagem do líquido pleural com trocater. Após 20 dias, os valores de fibrinogênio e leucograma estavam normais, assim o animal recebeu alta. Neste caso, a duodeno-jejunite proximal levou a distúrbios sistêmicos que causaram a pleuropneumonia. Estas afecções possuem prognóstico reservado ao ocorrem separadas, e sombrio juntas. Assim, destaca-se o correto monitoramento e intervenções assertivas como fatores determinantes na sobrevivência deste animal. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cólica; Efusão pleural; Síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica.

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Update on Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia in the Adult Horse

Cited by 50 publications

References 49 publications

Retrospective study of fatal pneumonia in racehorses

Retrospective study of fatal pneumonia in racehorses

Causes of pleural effusions in horses resident in the UK

Duodeno-Jejunite Proximal E Pleuropneumonia Em Um Equino – Relato De Caso

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