Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

Németh, János; Tapasztó, Beáta; Aclimandos, Wagih; Kestelyn, Philippe; Jonas, Jost B.; Faber, Jan Tjeerd de; Janulevičienė, Ingrida; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nagy, Zoltán Zsolt; Pärssinen, Olavi; Guggenheim, Jeremy A.; Allen, Peter M.; Baraas, Rigmor C.; Saunders, Kathryn; Flitcroft, Daniel Ian; Gray, Lyle S.; Polling, Jan Roelof; Haarman, Annechien E. G.; Tideman, J. Willem L.; Wolffsohn, James S.; Wahl, Siegfried; Mulder, Jeroen A.; Smirnova, Irina Yurievna; Formenti, Marino; Radhakrishnan, Hema; Resnikoff, Serge

doi:10.1177/1120672121998960

Cited by 89 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 349 publications

(814 reference statements)

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“…Based on these findings, monitoring the AL/CR changes should be informative in identifying children at risk for myopia. Children with higher risk should be provided with preventive advice and monitored closely for the onset of myopia so that anti-myopia therapies can be applied in time [ 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of premyopia and myopia in Chinese preschool children: a longitudinal cohort

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

BMC Ophthalmol

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Backgrounds Myopia has become a global public health problem. Children with early onset of myopia are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia. Younger children and children with greater initial myopic refractive errors are at a greater risk of myopia progression. Therefore, it is essential to identify subjects at high risk of developing myopia to facilitate myopia prevention in the early stage, especially during the preschool period. The purpose of this study was to determine whether premyopia and myopia in preschool children can be predicted by easily obtainable parameters. Methods Data was collected in a population-based cohort. Comprehensive examinations included height, weight, refraction, axial length (AL), and corneal radius of curvature (CR), with a follow-up of 2 years. Parental myopia history was obtained from a questionnaire. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) ≤ − 0.50 D. Premyopia was defined as − 0.50 D < SE ≤ + 0.75 D. Multivariate linear regression models were fitted to determine the associations between these parameters at baseline and future SE. To predict premyopia and myopia, Cox proportional hazard regression analysis coupled with a nomogram was used. Results A total of 830 children (433 boys and 397 girls) were included (40.83 ± 3.43 months old at baseline). A significantly negative relationship was observed in the multivariate analysis between baseline AL, AL/CR, two myopic parents, and the future SE after adjusting for age and gender (coefficient = − 0.291, coefficient = − 5.791, coefficient = − 0.273, respectively, both p < 0.001). Higher baseline AL, AL/CR (hazard ratio (HR) = 4.916, HR = 2.979, respectively, comparing the top quartile with the bottom quartile, both p < 0.001) and two myopic parents (HR = 1.756, compared to no myopic parents, p = 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of future onset of premyopia. From the nomogram, AL/CR was found to have the most enormous effect on survival. Different baseline AL and AL/CR values (both Log Rank p < 0.001) had different survival curves. Conclusions AL and AL/CR could be used as obtainable indicators for identifying subjects at high risk of developing premyopia and myopia in young preschool children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of premyopia and myopia in Chinese preschool children: a longitudinal cohort

Liu

Huang

et al. 2021

BMC Ophthalmol

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“…On the contrary, in some Asian countries, myopia rates are higher, reaching peaks of 80–90% in some populations [ 27 ]. Németh et al [ 28 ] found that in the last six years, the prevention of myopia in Asia increased by 90% compared to 55% in European countries. This difference in myopia incidence rates may be due to a country’s economic position and lifestyle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Myopia in Children in Spain: An Updated Study in 2020

Álvarez-Peregrina

Martínez-Pérez

Villa-Collar

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: In recent years, there was a significant increase in myopia incidence worldwide. However, it is still not clear how it affects Spanish children. Since 2016, this research team analyzed myopia prevalence and risk in 9668 children aged between 5 and 7 years. It was shown that the prevalence rates increased from 16.8% in 2016 to 20.4% in 2019. The objective of this study is to update the prevalence rate of myopia in Spain in 2020 and analyze the risk and prevention factors of myopia. Methods: The participants underwent an optometric examination, and a questionnaire on their lifestyle, family history, and geographical origin was carried out. Finally, data were analyzed using the SPSS version 27 program. Results: 1601 children from various Autonomous Communities of Spain were examined. In 2020 the myopia rates did not increase compared to 2019 (p < 0.05), although the number of hyperopes decreased and the number of emmetropes increased. Regarding age, the prevalence of myopia increased progressively over the years (p < 0.001). There was no association between gender and myopia (p > 0.05). There was a link between the time spent in near vision and family history with the prevalence of myopia (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in Spain in children between 5 and 7 years old increased significantly between 2016 and 2020.

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“…Lifestyle and different educational pressures lead to diverse myopic progressions in children of a same ethnic group living in different continents [40] [41]. In the conclusions of the guidelines on the management of myopia, the European Society of Ophthalmology in collaboration with the International Myopia Institute indicates outdoor time as the most promising method of intervention followed by medical treatments, contact lenses or glasses [42].…”

Section: Analysis Of Myopic Progressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Refractive Errors in the Total Population and the Analysis of Myopic Progression in Adults Aged 20 to 39 in the Urban Area of Tirana, Albania

Kleves¹

2021

OJOph

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Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

Cited by 89 publications

References 349 publications

Prediction of premyopia and myopia in Chinese preschool children: a longitudinal cohort

Prediction of premyopia and myopia in Chinese preschool children: a longitudinal cohort

The Prevalence of Myopia in Children in Spain: An Updated Study in 2020

Prevalence of Refractive Errors in the Total Population and the Analysis of Myopic Progression in Adults Aged 20 to 39 in the Urban Area of Tirana, Albania

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