Unveiling the Use of<i>Creta</i>in Roman Plasters: Analysis of Clay Wall Paintings From<i>Brixia</i>(Italy)

Bugini, Roberto; Corti, Cristina; Folli, Luisa; Rampazzi, Laura

doi:10.1111/arcm.12254

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Glauconite and celadonite are distinguished by the intensity of green color provided by Fe; there is no clear boundary between these substances from the mica category. As it is known, celadonite has a quality to retain color and keep it unchanged under the influence of air and light, and it was often used as a pigment mainly in wall paintings from Roman period [7][8][9] until XIV centuries in wall paintings in churches in Europe [10].The green lands as the pigments, mainly consisting of celadonite and glauconite, appear in Byzantine wall painting culture [11] and fragments of wall painting from Smolensk are undoubtedly related to them. Samples no 1-12 in the paint layer also contain trace contents of (SiO 2 ) and (CaCO 3 ), which were probably captured in samples of those paint layers from the plaster base during their selection ( Fig.…”

Section: Results Of X-ray Diffractometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical-technological research and radiocarbon AMS dating of wall painting fragments from the ruins of the XIIth-XIIIth centuries AD church from archaeological excavations in the city of Smolensk, Russia

Voronin

Kabanova

2020

Herit Sci

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In 2012, the ruins of a temple of the old Russian period were found during archaeological research in the medieval historical territory of Smolensk. The archaeological complex consists of the ruins of an ancient temple, built in the middle of the XIIth century AD, and adjacent to it from the SouthWest of the territory, which housed the remains of the market XI-turn XIII-XIV centuries AD and necropolis XIII-XVI centuries AD. Chronologically diverse use of the investigated territory up to the XVIth century AD was determined by the nearby Church. Approximately 1000 fragments of wall paintings, 5 fragments window glass and 4 glazed floor tiles were found near the ruins of the Church building. For the first time fragments of wall paintings medieval of Old Russian temple were dated by the AMS radiocarbon dating and went through chemical-technological research (analysis of the plaster foundation, the definition of used pigments) by X-RAY diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). Optical microscopy also was used for visual observations of the samples of the wall painting. According to the results of the radiocarbon analysis, the fragments of the wall paintings were divided into two chronological groups. The earlier belongs to the last quarter of the XIIth-the first quarter of the XIIIth century AD. Samples of the wall paintings from the second group are dated back to the third quarter of the XIIIth century AD. A narrow range of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of fragments of the murals, obtained from carbonates due to the presence of high content of C14 isotope in carbon of the plaster, is simultaneous in age to the moment of creation of the plaster base. As a result of chemical and technological researches of the fragments of the wall paintings it was established that the plaster basis of the fragments of the wall painting consists of two layers. The plaster base contains organic binders. Chemical and technological analysis of pigments presents the following results: (1) the basis of the blue paint layer is ultramarine (mineral) and anatase (mineral); (2) the basis of the green paint layer is celadonite (mineral); (3) the basis of the brown paint layer is ochre (clay); (4) black particles in the colorful mixture of brown is an organic wood coal pigment.

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Section: Results Of X-ray Diffractometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical-technological research and radiocarbon AMS dating of wall painting fragments from the ruins of the XIIth-XIIIth centuries AD church from archaeological excavations in the city of Smolensk, Russia

Voronin

Kabanova

2020

Herit Sci

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“…In terms of the debate regarding the chemical and biological origin of calcium oxalate, our study revealed that the two mechanisms may actually have occurred simultaneously on the stone surface. In fact, the results revealed the presence of biological activity (cyanobacteria, pigmented heterotrophic bacteria, bacilli and cocci type bacteria) as well as residues of proteinaceous material [38][39][40], which seem to indicate that past conservation treatments had been applied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

An interdisciplinary approach to a knowledge-based restoration: The dark alteration on Matera Cathedral (Italy)

Rampazzi

Andreotti

Bressan

et al. 2018

Applied Surface Science

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An interdisciplinary analytical campaign was carried out on the exterior walls of the Santa Maria della Bruna and Sant'Eustachio Cathedral in Matera. Large areas of these walls have become darkened and the main objective was to evaluate the state of conservation of the stone material (a very porous, organogenic limestone called "Pietra di Matera"), and to suggest the best strategy for the current restoration. Several techniques were used in situ and ex situin laboratory analyses: X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, ion chromatography, pyrolysis/gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, colour change measurements, laser-induced fluorescence together with biological techniques. Ex-situ and in situ cleaning tests were also carried out on the stone surface. The results showed the presence of chlorophyll and bacteria on the surface, together with sulfation and calcium oxalate films as the main decay phenomena. In addition, the determination of saccharide and egg residues suggest both biological activity and past conservative treatments as the cause of oxalate films. Data obtained from the analyses proved to be very useful for the conservation work; a complex plan of restoration was adopted, including both traditional and innovative techniques (such as biocleaning, bacterial-gel and a laser system) together with a final evaluation of several protective methods.

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“…In the FT-IR spectra of the La Navicella samples (LN1a-LN2a), the absorbance bands at approximately 1435, 874 and 713 cm À1 (C=O asymmetric stretching, out-of-plane bending and in-plane bending vibrations respectively) and at approximately 1623 and 1315 cm À1 (CO stretching vibrations) showed the presence of calcite and of calcium oxalate as whewellite (CaC 2 O 4 *H 2 O) respectively (Petrov and Soptrajanov 1975;Derrick et al 1999;Bugini et al 2017;Rampazzi et al 2018). The S-O asymmetric stretching signals at 1145, 1116 and the bending mode at 669 cm À1 also revealed small amounts of gypsum, and the absorbance at approximately 1385 cm À1 suggested an alkaline nitrate (Petrov and Soptrajanov 1975;Derrick et al 1999).…”

Section: Chemical and Physical Analyses Before Biocleaningmentioning

confidence: 98%

Onsite advanced biocleaning system for historical wall paintings using new agar-gauze bacteria gel

Ranalli

Zanardini

Rampazzi

et al. 2019

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims This study reports the results of the application of a new agar‐gauze biogel system activated with viable bacterial cells to altered wall paintings. Methods and Results Biocleaning using agar biogel and agar‐gauze biogel systems was performed onsite by direct application to altered wall painting surfaces (25–1000 cm2). The treatments were performed for the restoration of two original Italian sites: (i) at the Vatican Museums, Cristo che salva Pietro dalle acque—La Navicella, a wall painting by Giovanni Lanfranco (1627–1628) and (ii) at Pisa Cathedral Cupola, Incarnato, a wall painting by Orazio Riminaldi (1593–1630) and his brother Girolamo Riminaldi. The novelty of this study is the use of viable Pseudomonas stutzeri A29 cells in an advanced agar‐gauze biogel system and the short bio‐application contact times of between 3 and 12 h. The historical artworks were altered by lipid and protein residues from past restoration, as confirmed by Py‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and FT‐IR data. The effectiveness of the biological treatment was assessed, and general considerations were discussed. Conclusions The short bio‐application contact time of advanced agar‐gauze gel activated with viable P. stutzeri cells makes this biotechnology promising as an alternative method to the traditional onsite cleaning techniques currently in use for altered historical wall paintings. Significance and Impact of the Study In this study, we report for the first time the biocleaning of altered materials located in vertical and vaulted areas using agar‐gauze biogel with short application times. These findings are of great significance for future restoration activities and are crucial for determining the best preservation strategies in this field.

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Unveiling the Use ofCretain Roman Plasters: Analysis of Clay Wall Paintings FromBrixia(Italy)

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Chemical-technological research and radiocarbon AMS dating of wall painting fragments from the ruins of the XIIth-XIIIth centuries AD church from archaeological excavations in the city of Smolensk, Russia

Chemical-technological research and radiocarbon AMS dating of wall painting fragments from the ruins of the XIIth-XIIIth centuries AD church from archaeological excavations in the city of Smolensk, Russia

An interdisciplinary approach to a knowledge-based restoration: The dark alteration on Matera Cathedral (Italy)

Onsite advanced biocleaning system for historical wall paintings using new agar-gauze bacteria gel

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