Unveiling of Dominant Fungal Pathogens Associated With Rusty Root Rot of <i>Panax notoginseng</i> Based on Multiple Methods

Mi, Chunyi; Yang, Ruihuan; Rao, J. V.; Yang, Shaozhou; Wei, Fang; Ou, Li; Hu, Xiufang

doi:10.1094/pdis-01-17-0135-re

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similarly, Phoma spp., Cylindrocarpon spp., and Ilyonectria spp. are reported as causal pathogens of Sanqi ginseng root rot disease and are always enriched in the rhizosphere soil of Sanqi ginseng seedlings (9,11,31,32). Members of the genus Clonostachys are reported to cause root rot disease, and their relative abundance was remarkably higher in the monocropped soils of Sanqi ginseng than that in in maize-Sanqi ginseng rotated soils (3,33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autotoxic Ginsenoside Disrupts Soil Fungal Microbiomes by Stimulating Potentially Pathogenic Microbes

Dai

Wang

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Autotoxic ginsenosides have been implicated as one of the major causes for replant failure of Sanqi ginseng (Panax notoginseng); however, the impact of autotoxic ginsenosides on the fungal microbiome, especially on soilborne fungal pathogens, remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of the ginsenoside monomers Rg1, Rb1, and Rh1, and that of their mixture (Mix), on the composition and diversity of the soil fungal community, as well as on the abundance and growth of the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in pure culture. The addition of autotoxic ginsenosides altered the composition of the total fungal microbiome, as well as the taxa within the shared and unique treatment-based components, but did not alter alpha diversity (α-diversity). In particular, autotoxic ginsenosides enriched potentially pathogenic taxa, such as Alternaria, Cylindrocarpon, Gibberella, Phoma, and Fusarium, and decreased the abundances of beneficial taxa such as Acremonium, Mucor, and Ochroconis. Relative abundances of pathogenic taxa were significantly and negatively correlated with those of beneficial taxa. Among the pathogenic fungi, the genus Fusarium was most responsive to ginsenoside addition, with the abundance of Fusarium oxysporum consistently enhanced in the ginsenoside-treated soils. Validation tests confirmed that autotoxic ginsenosides promoted mycelial growth and conidial germination of the root rot pathogen F. oxysporum. In addition, the autotoxic ginsenoside mixture exhibited synergistic effects on pathogen proliferation. Collectively, these results highlight that autotoxic ginsenosides are capable of disrupting the equilibrium of fungal microbiomes through the stimulation of potential soilborne pathogens, which presents a significant hurdle in remediating replant failure of Sanqi ginseng. IMPORTANCE Sanqi ginseng [Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen] is geoauthentically produced in a restricted area of southwest China, and successful replanting requires a rotation cycle of more than 15 to 30 years. The increasing demand for Sanqi ginseng and diminishing arable land resources drive farmers to employ consecutive monoculture systems. Replant failure has severely threatened the sustainable production of Sanqi ginseng and causes great economic losses annually. Worse still, the acreage and severity of replant failure are increased yearly, which may destroy the Sanqi ginseng industry in the near future. The significance of this work is to decipher the mechanism of how autotoxic ginsenosides promote the accumulation of soilborne pathogens and disrupt the equilibrium of soil fungal microbiomes. This result may help us to develop effective approaches to successfully conquer the replant failure of Sanqi ginseng.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autotoxic Ginsenoside Disrupts Soil Fungal Microbiomes by Stimulating Potentially Pathogenic Microbes

Dai

Wang

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Many studies have pointed out that ginseng, American ginseng ( Panax quiquefolium L), ( Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H.), and other medicinal plants have rusty root symptoms 30 , 50 . Furthermore, they all seem to be closely related to Ilyonectria .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of rhizosphere soil physiochemical characteristics and microbial communities between rusty and healthy ginseng root

Bian

Shuhua

Zhao

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Ginseng rusty root (GRR) symptom is one of the primary diseases of ginseng. There has been a problem of ginseng rusty root, leading to a severe decline in the quality of ginseng. To clarify the relationship between root symptoms of ginseng rust and soil, the physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, community structure and microbial diversity of GRR and healthy ginseng (HG) rhizosphere soil were analyzed and compared. The pH and redox potential (Eh) of GRR soil decreased, and the contents of total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) decreased. The activity of catalase and phosphatase and invertase was lower than that of HG groups. Besides, the microbial community of GRR rhizosphere soil changes much, and its abundance and diversity are significantly reduced. The community structure of GRR rhizosphere soil also shows apparent differences, and the samples of the HG group gathered together, and the samples of the GRR group were dispersed. In general, GRR was closely associated with decreases in soil pH and Eh; decreases in TP, AP, and AK; decreases in the activity of several enzymes. Additionally, it is strongly associated with an increase in pathogenic microorganisms such as Ilyonectria and a reduction of beneficial microorganisms such as Tremellomycetes Acidobacteria subgroup 6 and Gemmatimonadetes.

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“…These strains were grouped according to the strength of their pathogenicity; the weakly aggressive strains also originated from other hosts, but the highly aggressive strains were derived from a specific host ginseng (Cabral et al, 2012a). I. mors-panacis is not limited to infecting ginseng (Mi et al, 2017). I. robusta is considered a weakly aggressive strain based on the phylogenetic analysis and on I. robusta's and I. crassa's host and other factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Locus Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Fungal Complex Associated With Rusty Root Rot of Panax ginseng in China

et al. 2020

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Panax ginseng rusty root rot caused by the Ilyonectria species complex is a devastating disease, and it is one of the main factors contributing to the difficulty in continual cropping. Rusty root rot occurs in all ginseng fields, but little is known about the taxonomy of the fungal pathogen complex, especially Ilyonectria and Ilyonectria-like species. Rusty root rot samples were collected from commercial ginseng cultivation areas of China, and the pathogens were isolated and purified as single spores. Based on the combination analysis of multiple loci (rDNA-ITS, TUB, HIS3, TEF, ACT, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and SSU) and morphological characteristics, the pathogens causing ginseng rusty root rot were determined. Fungal isolates were obtained from infected roots in 56 locations within main cultivation areas in China. A total of 766 strains were identified as Ilyonectria, Ilyonectria-like and Rhexocercosporidium species, including I. robusta (55.0%), I. communis (21.7%), I. mors-panacis (10.9%), I. pseudodestructans (2.0%), I. changbaiensis (1.3%), I. qitaiheensis (1.3%), Neonectria obtusispora (2.0%), Dactylonectria torresensis (0.5%), D. sp. (0.5%), and R. panacis (1.5%), and four novel species, Thelonectria ginsengicola (1.0%), T. jixiensis (1.0%), T. mulanensis (0.8%) and T. fusongensis (0.5%), with a total of 14 species. As the pathogen present in the highest proportion, I. robusta was the most prevalent and damaging species, unlike the pathogens reported previously. All of the examined strains were proven to cause ginseng rusty root rot. Our results indicate that the taxonomy of the fungal complex associated with ginseng rusty root rot includes Ilyonectria, Ilyonectria-like genera (Dactylonectria, Neonectria, and Thelonectria) and Rhexocercosporidium.

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Unveiling of Dominant Fungal Pathogens Associated With Rusty Root Rot of Panax notoginseng Based on Multiple Methods

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

Autotoxic Ginsenoside Disrupts Soil Fungal Microbiomes by Stimulating Potentially Pathogenic Microbes

Autotoxic Ginsenoside Disrupts Soil Fungal Microbiomes by Stimulating Potentially Pathogenic Microbes

Comparative analysis of rhizosphere soil physiochemical characteristics and microbial communities between rusty and healthy ginseng root

Multi-Locus Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Fungal Complex Associated With Rusty Root Rot of Panax ginseng in China

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