Unraveling the venom proteome of the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) by integrating a combinatorial peptide ligand library approach with FT-ICR MS

Quantitative proteomics reveals divergent responses in Apis mellifera worker and drone pupae to parasitization by Varroa destructor

“…This protein is involved in phagocytosis (Franc et al, 1999) and the increased abundance could be indicative of an activated immune response to the presence of Varroa. In the parasitized worker and drone pupae proteomes there is evidence of alterations to a substantial number of serine proteases, such a serine protease K12H4.7, which is heavily involved in the immune response (Van Vaerenbergh et al, 2015). There was also an increased abundance following parasitization of serine/threonine kinase cLKA, by 4-fold, which could further indicate an elevated immune response in the worker pupae that were parasitized during development to purple eye stage (Bania et al, 1999, China et al, 2016.…”

Proteomic Characterization of the Venom Of FiveBombus (Thoracobombus)Species

“…and enhance phospholipase A2 in liposome hydrolysis, in a similar fashion to melittin found in A. mellifera venom and crabrolin and mastoparan found in vespid Vespa crabro venom (Argiolas & Pisano, 1985). Phospholipase A2 (Hoffman, El-Choufani, Smith, & De Groot, 2001;Hoffman & Jacobson, 1996;Van Vaerenbergh, Debyser, Smagghe, Devreese, & de Graaf, 2015), serine proteases (Choo, Lee, Yoon, Kim, et al, 2010;Choo et al, 2011;Kim et al, 2013;Qiu et al, 2011;Qiu et al, 2012b;Van Vaerenbergh et al, 2015) , serine protease inhibitors (Qiu et al, 2013;Wan et al, 2014), acid phosphatases (Hoffman et al, 2001;Hoffman & Jacobson, 1996;Van Vaerenbergh et al, 2015), arginine kinase (N. P. Barkan, Demiralp, & Aytekin, 2015), hyaluronidase (Hoffman & Jacobson, 1996), putrescine (Tom Piek, 2013), citrate (Fenton et al, 1995), defensin (Rees, Moniatte, & Bulet, 1997), and acethylcoline (T Piek, Veldsema-Currie, Spanjer, & Mantel, 1983) have also been isolated from Bombus sp. venom.…”

“…Putative toxins are categorized according to their function and subcellular location (Van Vaerenbergh et al, 2015) (Figure 1). Toxins previously identified in B. terrestris and A. mellifera venoms are used as references (Table 2) (Van Vaerenbergh, Debyser, Devreese, & deGraaf, 2014;Van Vaerenbergh et al, 2015). Major putative toxins; phospholipase A2, venom protease, venom acid phosphatase and hyaluronidase were detected in venom of all five analyzed Thoracobombus species.…”

Assessing the Proteomic Activity of the Venom of the AntEctatomma tuberculatum(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae)

“…The role of these proteins in venoms is still under evaluation but several components of Hymenoptera venoms are secreted via exosomes, without the need for a signal peptide, such as in solitary wasps E. pomiformis and O. drewseni, in which these proteins have been found. Actin, also known as a component of snake venom, affects blood pressure and glucose homeostasis of the prey [34] and was also found in the venom of Bombus terrestris [47]. Chitinase protein, found in spot 37, is an enzyme that degrades the chitin of the exoskeleton of the prey, playing an essential role for the insects in the period of exuviation, as it acts on the degradation of the anterior exoskeleton, allowing the remodeling of a new chitinous structure [48].…”