2008
DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.r08-04
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Unraveling the mystery of spinosad resistance in insects

Abstract: SpinosadSpinosad (a mixture of spinosyns A and D, Fig. 1) is a new and highly promising insecticide, derived from the bacteria Saccharopolyspora spinosa, with efficacy against a wide range of insects. [1][2][3][4][5] The mechanism of action of spinosad appears to be unique, with a primary site of attack being the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and a secondary site of attack being g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Spinosad is thought to exert its toxicity primarily by activati… Show more

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Cited by 31 publications
(21 citation statements)
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“…In contrast to the above studies, however, the M. domestica α6 (closest orthologue to Dα6 , Pxα6 and Foα6 ) was found not to be involved in spinosad resistance. Additionally, the Mdα5 and Mdβ3 of M. domestica nAChRs also appeared not to be associated with spinosad resistance . Thus, other mechanism(s) for resistance to spinosyns could be present in this specific resistant strain of M. domestica .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 88%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…In contrast to the above studies, however, the M. domestica α6 (closest orthologue to Dα6 , Pxα6 and Foα6 ) was found not to be involved in spinosad resistance. Additionally, the Mdα5 and Mdβ3 of M. domestica nAChRs also appeared not to be associated with spinosad resistance . Thus, other mechanism(s) for resistance to spinosyns could be present in this specific resistant strain of M. domestica .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Additionally, the Md 5 and Md 3 of M. domestica nAChRs also appeared not to be associated with spinosad resistance. 50 Thus, other mechanism(s) for resistance to spinosyns could be present in this specific resistant strain of M. domestica.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Genetically, this has been the result of three mutations in a single locus 7, 8. Current evidence suggests that resistance development to spinosad is also a result of mutations in a single locus (nAChR) 20–22. With regard to their general genetic make‐up, California olive fruit fly populations are not substantially different from their Mediterranean siblings.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Resistance in this insect has been mapped to chromosome 1 19. Yet none of the three nAChR subunits that are predicted to be on this chromosome ( Md α 5 , Md α 6 and Md β 3 ) seems to have any resistance‐associated nucleotide differences between resistant and susceptible strains 20. In western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), resistance was also attributed to a single locus 21, 22…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Its toxicity is due to the persistent activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) at a different site from nicotine or neonicotinoids and also affects γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. 20) There are in vivo measurements that demonstrate a reduction in the AChE activity in different organisms treated with spinosad, such as honey bees (Apis mellifera), for concentrations higher than 2.5 ppm, 21) or Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) at 25 ppm. 22) Our experiments performed in vitro demonstrate that the observed reduction in the AChE activity in animals treated with spinosad is caused by a phenomenon that is different from enzyme inhibition.…”
Section: Spinosadmentioning
confidence: 99%