Unraveling the Crystallization Kinetics of 2D Perovskites with Sandwich‐Type Structure for High‐Performance Photovoltaics

Song, Jingnan; Zhou, Guanqing; Chen, Wei; Zhang, Quanzeng; Ali, Jazib; Hu, Qin; Wang, Jing; Wang, Cheng; Feng, Wei; Djurišić, Aleksandra B.; Zhu, Haiming; Zhang, Yongming; Russell, Thomas P.; Liu, Feng

doi:10.1002/adma.202002784

Cited by 56 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Recently, Liu and co‐workers proposed that there may be Marangoni convention phenomenon in the crystallization process of 2D perovskite films. [ 110 ] Inspired by this, we speculate that the thickness of the film may be affected by the different gradient distribution of surface tension and cause the difference in crystal orientation. However, more specific and deeper reasons why the film thickness affects the crystal orientation of 2D perovskites have not been systematically revealed, and in‐depth research can be conducted. 2)Crystal orientation and distribution of QW …”

Section: Challenges and Outlooksmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…DMF and DMSO are most commonly used in solvent engineering, and mixing them at different ratios has a significant effect on the final orientation of the 2D perovskite film. [ 109,110 ] Only DMF as a solvent has a random crystal orientation, while DFM and DMSO have a crystal orientation perpendicular to the substrate (Figure 5b). [ 111 ] The large difference in crystal orientation caused by single and double solvents can be attributed to the crystallization rate of the solvent during annealing.…”

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 110 ] Copyright 2020, Wiley‐VCH Publications. c) Illustration of crystallization process of perpendicularly oriented 2D perovskite (top) and GIWAXS patterns with increasing solvent removal rate, including slow, medium, fast, and fastest.…”

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Liu and co‐workers [ 110 ] proposed that solvent vapor annealing is critical in improving thin film crystalline order and crystal orientation, which is due to the solvent vapor will penetrate into the film to induce recrystallization and reorientation (Figure 7b). This method undoubtedly injects fresh ideas into the control of the orientation of the 2D perovskite film.…”

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Lei

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

145

124

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volatile decomposition [23] or halide segregation are often observed in hybrid perovskites under various stress conditions (light, [24] thermal, [25] and electric fields [26]); 4) spontaneous phase transition easily occurs for perovskite with unstable crystal structures, particularly for inorganic perovskite. [27-29] To improve the stability of PSCs, researchers attempted numerous methods such as encapsulation, [30] additive engineering, [31] component engineering, [32] etc. [33] However, the PSCs' stability is yet to achieve a perfect solution. Recently, researchers found that the introduction of long-chain organic cations in 3D perovskite as 2D perovskite can block water and oxygen molecules, meanwhile, generate a steric effect to prevent phase transitions, and limit ion migration. [34-36] Hence, fabricating 2D [37,38] or 2D/3D [39-43] mixed perovskite as absorbing layers are effective approaches to improve the stability of PSCs. However, the PCE of 2D PSCs remain lower than that of the 3D ones, which is mainly attributed to the introduction of organic macromolecules that blocks the effective extraction and transport of carriers. [44,45] Fortunately, 2D perovskite usually has three arrangements, namely parallel, perpendicular to the glass substrate or randomly arranged. [46] Manipulating the orientation of the crystal and the phase distribution in the 2D solution-processed perovskite can improve the efficiency and reproducibility of the device. Among them, the most desired arrangement for PSCs is the one that perpendicular to the substrate. Therefore, studying the crystallization kinetics of 2D perovskite is curial to effectively control the film forming process and adjust the crystal orientation (perpendicular to the substrate), which can effectively avoid or reduce the adverse effects of the organic molecular layer and improve device efficiency. [47,48] Nevertheless, few review articles were published on this subject. In this review, we mainly focus on the key issue for controlling crystallization kinetics and summarizing the research progress of their effects on various types of 2D PSCs. We also discuss the crystal/natural quantum well (QW) structure and the original stability for 2D PSCs in detail. Finally, remaining challenges and outlooks are presented. 2. Crystal and Natural Quantum Well Structure The material structure has a substantial impact on performance. [49-51] Properties of 2D and 3D perovskites differ 2D perovskites demonstrate higher moisture stability, oxygen content, thermal stability, and a significantly lower ion migration/phase transition occurrence in comparison to 3D perovskite. These advantages imply huge potential for 2D perovskite in commercial applications in the photovoltaic field. However, the horizontal arrangement of the organic layer severely hinders the transport of carriers, and thus, the power conversion efficiency of 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is significantly lower than that of 3D. Controlling the crystallization orientation to achieve rapid carrier transport can effe...

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Section: Challenges and Outlooksmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Lei

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

145

124

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“…[ 16,19–31 ] The origin of the 2D perovskite layer orientation and the crystallization kinetics were thus intensely studied using grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS). [ 32–36 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization of 2D Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites Templated by Conductive Substrates

Kovaříček

Nádaždy

Pluhařová

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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2D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites are valued in optoelectronic applications for their tunable bandgap and excellent moisture and irradiation stability. These properties stem from both the chemical composition and crystallinity of the layer formed. Defects in the lattice, impurities, and crystal grain boundaries generally introduce trap states and surface energy pinning, limiting the ultimate performance of the perovskite; hence, an in‐depth understanding of the crystallization process is indispensable. Here, a kinetic and thermodynamic study of 2D perovskite layer crystallization on transparent conductive substrates are provided—fluorine‐doped tin oxide and graphene. Due to markedly different surface structure and chemistry, the two substrates interact differently with the perovskite layer. A time‐resolved grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) is used to monitor the crystallization on the two substrates. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to explain the experimental data and to rationalize the perovskite layer formation. The findings assist substrate selection based on the required film morphology, revealing the structural dynamics during the crystallization process, thus helping to tackle the technological challenges of structure formation of 2D perovskites for optoelectronic devices.

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Manipulating the Crystallization Kinetics by Additive Engineering toward High‐Efficient Photovoltaic Performance

Song

Zhang

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Additive processing is proven to be an effective method to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells; however, its intrinsic role in directing the crystallization pathway and thus morphology formation remains unknown. In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) is applied to study the function of a 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) additive in manipulating the crystallization behavior of perovskite thin films. It is seen that the DIO additive could induce multi-stage intermediate crystallization phases and increases the activation energy for nucleation and growth, which postpones the perovskite phase transformation time and broadens the transition zone. The elongated crystallization process affords improved perovskite thin film crystallinity and reduces defect density, which enables a longer carrier diffusion length. As a result, improved device efficiency, moisture, and thermal stability can be achieved. The current study provides a new prospective in understanding the additive function in perovskite thin film morphology control from fundamental parameters, indicating the importance of minor processing conditions in global property management toward high device performance.

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Unraveling the Crystallization Kinetics of 2D Perovskites with Sandwich‐Type Structure for High‐Performance Photovoltaics

Cited by 56 publications

References 47 publications

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Crystallization of 2D Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites Templated by Conductive Substrates

Manipulating the Crystallization Kinetics by Additive Engineering toward High‐Efficient Photovoltaic Performance

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