“…These types of payment systems provide sufficient incentives to the accountable provider to reduce the contracting costs by, for instance, buying strategic assets that otherwise increase the transaction costs of running the program (e.g., a hospital's integration of a primary health care network). However, the contractual relationship between the payers and the accountable providers is, in itself, extremely costly to manage (see [28,29]) due to asymmetric information problems (e.g., about the quality of the services, performance measures in respect of population health, the risks of adverse selection and rationing, and opportunity costs), thereby demanding further regulatory interventions (e.g., such as those under the US Medicare scheme). Most of these transaction costs arise due to the joint use of some assets in ICT initiatives.…”