“…These are Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, and Ukraine. The choice of data is justified due to the availability of data (Loukil, 2019;Hashemizadeh et al, 2021). The data used for the study include CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita), urban population (% of the total population), GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$), and renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption).…”