Unlocking the Hidden Potential of Cosmetics Waste for Building Sustainable Green Pavements in the Future: A Case Study of Discarded Lipsticks

Abstract

This investigation is dedicated to unlocking the hidden potential of discarded cosmetics towards building green sustainable road pavements in the future. It is particularly aiming at exploring waste lipstick (WLS) as a high-quality functional additive for advanced asphalt mix technologies. To fuel this novel innovation, the effect of various WLS doses (e.g., 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) on the performance of base AP-5 asphalt cement was studied in detail. A wide array of cutting-edge analytical lab techniques was employed to inspect in-depth the physicochemical, microstructural, thermo-morphological, and rheological properties of resultant admixtures including: elemental analysis, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), needle penetration, ring and ball softening point, Brookfield viscometer, ductility, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. Unlike the unstable response of asphaltenes, the additive/artificial aging treatments increased the fraction of resins the most, and decreased that of aromatics; however, asphaltenes did not impair the saturates portion, according to Iatroscan research. FT-IR scan divulged that the WLS-asphalt interaction was physical rather than chemical. XRD diagnosis not only revealed an obvious correlation between the asphaltenes content and the fresh-binder crystallinity but also revealed the presence of fillers in the WLS, which may generate outstanding technical qualities to bituminous mixes. According to AFM/SEM analyses, the stepwise incorporation of WLS grew the magnitude of the “bee-shaped” microstructures and extended the roughness rate of unaged/aged binders. The prolonged consumption of the high thermal-stable additive caused a remarkable drop in the onset degradation and glass transition temperature of mixtures, thus enhancing their workability and low-temperature performance, according to TGA/DTGA/DSC data. The DSR and empirical rheological experiments demonstrated that the WLS could effectively lower the manufacturing and compaction temperatures of asphalt mixes and impart them with valuable anti-aging/fatigue-cracking assets. In a nutshell, the use of waste lipstick as an asphalt modifier is viable and cost-effective and could attenuate the pollution arisen from the beauty sector, while improving the performance of hot/warm asphalt mixes (HAM/WAM) and extending the service life of roadways.

Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Natural, Sustainable Composite Material Properties Using Bio-Binder for Eco-Friendly Construction Applications

“…All the samples showed the existence of four major minerals: quartz, kaolinite, olivine, and calcite. The difference in the samples was mainly in terms of the number of different compositions of the minerals; additionally, the crystalline silica sand particles dispersed within higher weight percentages of the bio-binder matrix, such as at 15 wt%, will generate new sharp peaks [50,51]. Quartz, composed of silicon dioxide, is a common mineral found in many rocks.…”

Penilaian Organolpetik Dan Analisis Keamanan Sediaan Lipstik Berbahan Dasar Lemak Tengkawang

“…Lemak kakao sudah banyak digunakan di industri kosmetik diantaranya digunakan sebagai bahan baku pada pembuatan lipstik (Gusti et al, 2016). Tujuan ditambahkannya lemak ini adalah untuk memberikan lapisan pada bibir agar mencegah efek kekeringan, memberi kehalusan pada kulit bibir, dan meningkatkan daya dispersi pigmen (Nciri et al, 2022). Lemak kakao juga ideal digunakan pada lipstik karena tidak mencair pada suhu tubuh dan mudah pemakaiannya (Okayani, 1990).…”

From Hive to Highway: Waste Honeycombs as a Sustainable Modifier for Asphalt Binder Formulations in South Korea

“…The detector utilized hydrogen gas and air at flow rates of 160 mL min −1 and 2 L min −1 , respectively. A 2% sample solution of bitumen/dichloromethane or WHC/dichloromethane was used, with 1 µL applied onto the chromarod using a 5 µL Drummond microdispenser (Drummond Scientific, Broomall, PA, USA) [24].…”

“…In the TLC process, asphaltenes remained stationary while other components like saturates, aromatics, and resins were eluted. Igniting these components with a hydrogen flame yielded organic ions, which were detected by the FID [24]. The SARA (i.e., saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) content was quantified from the FID readings.…”

“…The SARA (i.e., saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) content was quantified from the FID readings. Post-immersion, rods were dried at 85 • C for about 2 min [24].…”