Unique expression of a sporophytic character on the gametophytes of notholaenid ferns (Pteridaceae)

Johnson, Anne K.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Windham, Michael D.; Pryer, Kathleen M.

doi:10.3732/ajb.1200049

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Circumscription sensu Mickel & Smith (). Monotypic (Rothfels et al, ; Johnson et al, ). Doryopteris J.Sm. emend.…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns

2016

J of Sytematics Evolution

1,112

273

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Phylogeny has long informed pteridophyte classification. As our ability to infer evolutionary trees has improved, classifications aimed at recognizing natural groups have become increasingly predictive and stable. Here, we provide a modern, comprehensive classification for lycophytes and ferns, down to the genus level, utilizing a community‐based approach. We use monophyly as the primary criterion for the recognition of taxa, but also aim to preserve existing taxa and circumscriptions that are both widely accepted and consistent with our understanding of pteridophyte phylogeny. In total, this classification treats an estimated 11 916 species in 337 genera, 51 families, 14 orders, and two classes. This classification is not intended as the final word on lycophyte and fern taxonomy, but rather a summary statement of current hypotheses, derived from the best available data and shaped by those most familiar with the plants in question. We hope that it will serve as a resource for those wanting references to the recent literature on pteridophyte phylogeny and classification, a framework for guiding future investigations, and a stimulus to further discourse.

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“…Circumscription sensu Mickel & Smith (). Monotypic (Rothfels et al, ; Johnson et al, ). Doryopteris J.Sm. emend.…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…See Yatskievych & Smith () for details regarding arguments over the typification of Notholaena . Not monophyletic as circumscribed (Rothfels et al, ; Johnson et al, ). About 30 species. Ormopteris J.Sm.…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns

2016

J of Sytematics Evolution

1,112

273

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“…Although hairs have been hypothesized to reduce rates of drying and increase water uptake after desiccation (Kappen & Valladares, 2007), and glands may affect rates of osmosis by modifying lipid concentrations (Crow et al, 2011), we did not detect a correlation between hair or gland production and epiphytic growth. Given their high phylogenetic signal, it is possible that these traits are unrelated to environment but rather reflect phylogenetically conserved developmental pathways (Johnson et al, 2012). Alternatively, the possibility remains that some epiphytic species rely on hairs or glands to prevent or slow drying depending on their niche within the canopy (e.g.…”

Section: New Phytologistmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life in the canopy: community trait assessments reveal substantial functional diversity among fern epiphytes

2020

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Summary The expansion of angiosperm‐dominated forests in the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic had a profound effect on terrestrial biota by creating novel ecological niches. The majority of modern fern lineages are hypothesized to have arisen in response to this expansion, particularly fern epiphytes that radiated into the canopy. Recent evidence, however, suggests that epiphytism does not correlate with increased diversification rates in ferns, calling into question the role of the canopy habitat in fern evolution. To understand the role of the canopy in structuring fern community diversity, we investigated functional traits of fern sporophytes and gametophytes across a broad phylogenetic sampling on the island of Moorea, French Polynesia, including > 120 species and representatives of multiple epiphytic radiations. While epiphytes showed convergence in small size and a higher frequency of noncordate gametophytes, they showed greater functional diversity at the community level relative to terrestrial ferns. These results suggest previously overlooked functional diversity among fern epiphytes, and raise the hypothesis that while the angiosperm canopy acted as a complex filter that restricted plant size, it also facilitated diversification into finely partitioned niches. Characterizing these niche axes and adaptations of epiphytic ferns occupying them should be a priority for future pteridological research.

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“…Plants of the two chemotypes were grown side‐by‐side for nearly two years in the Duke University greenhouses, and the farina color and chemistry of newly produced leaves remained unchanged (Appendix S2). It is unclear at this point whether these differences are adaptive or selectively neutral, but it is conceivable they could play a role in reproductive isolation of chemotypes G and Y. Notholaenids are the only ferns well documented to produce farina on both sporophytes and gametophytes (Johnson et al., ). On sporophytes, the farina forms a dense layer on abaxial leaf surfaces that may reduce water loss from transpiration and/or protect dry, dormant leaves from UV damage (Hevly, ; Wollenweber, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its distribution is centered in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts, from Baja California in the west to Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, in the east; its northernmost populations are found in Colorado and Oklahoma, and its range extends deep into southern Mexico (Seigler and Wollenweber, ; Windham, 1993a; Mickel and Smith, ). Recent molecular phylogenies, inferred using both plastid and nuclear sequences, indicate that N. standleyi is one of the more isolated lineages within notholaenids (Rothfels et al., ; Johnson et al., ; Kao et al., ), and it is estimated to have diverged from its closest relatives ~55 mya (Testo and Sundue, ). Like most other notholaenid ferns, N. standleyi has poikilohydric and desiccation‐tolerant leaves (Proctor and Pence, ; Proctor and Tuba, ; Hietz, ), and it produces “farina” (flavonoid exudates) on the abaxial surface of the leaves and on the margins of the gametophyte prothallus (Tryon, ; Rothfels et al., ; Johnson et al., ; Kao et al., ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infraspecific diversification of the star cloak fern (Notholaena standleyi) in the deserts of the United States and Mexico

Kao

Rothfels

Melgoza‐Castillo

et al. 2020

American J of Botany

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2020. Infraspecific diversification of the star cloak fern (Notholaena standleyi) in the deserts of the United States and Mexico.PREMISE: Not all ferns grow in moist and shaded habitats. One well-known example is Notholaena standleyi, a species that thrives in deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico. This species exhibits several "chemotypes" that differ in farina (flavonoid exudates) color and chemistry. By integrating data from molecular phylogenetics, cytology, biochemistry, and biogeography, we circumscribed the major evolutionary lineages within N. standleyi and reconstructed their diversification histories. METHODS:Forty-eight samples were selected from across the geographic distribution of N. standleyi. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using four plastid and five nuclear markers. Ploidy levels were inferred using spore sizes calibrated by chromosome counts, and farina chemistry was compared using thin-layer chromatography. RESULTS:Four clades are recognized, three of which roughly correspond to previously recognized chemotypes. The diploid clades G and Y are found in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts, respectively; they are estimated to have diverged in the Pleistocene, congruent with the postulated timing of climatological events separating these two deserts. Clade P/YG is tetraploid and partially overlaps the distribution of clade Y in the eastern Chihuahuan Desert. It is apparently confined to limestone, a geologic substrate rarely occupied by members of the other clades. The cryptic (C) clade, a diploid group known only from southern Mexico and highly disjunct from the other three clades, is newly recognized here. CONCLUSIONS:Our results reveal a complex intraspecific diversification history of N. standleyi, traceable to a variety of evolutionary drivers including classic allopatry, parapatry with or without changes in geologic substrate, and sympatric divergence through polyploidization.

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Unique expression of a sporophytic character on the gametophytes of notholaenid ferns (Pteridaceae)

Abstract: Notholaenids are unique among ferns in consistently expressing farina across both phases of the life cycle.

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns

A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns

Life in the canopy: community trait assessments reveal substantial functional diversity among fern epiphytes

Infraspecific diversification of the star cloak fern (Notholaena standleyi) in the deserts of the United States and Mexico

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