Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities

Felton, Heather; Myers, Joseph B.; Liu, Gil; Davis, Deborah Winders

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008444

Cited by 36 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Nine studies presented fatal or non-fatal drowning rates per population as a primary outcome, adjusted by age, gender and/or ethnicity/race 8 9 22 23 27 29–32. One presented fatal drowning rates of black children compared with white children as being 1.90/100 000 vs 1.32/100 000 (aged 0–30 years) 9.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three US studies presented non-fatal drowning rates 8 22 29. Drowning has three outcomes: death, residual morbidity and no morbidity 7.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, non-fatal drowning is surviving a drowning event with or without long-term health consequences. One study reported the non-fatal drowning rate of black children (based on hospitalisation data) as being 17.7/100 000 compared with 4.3/100 000 for white children 8. The second presented an OR of 3.47 (1.24 to 9.75) for poor outcomes from a serious submersion (defined in the study as probability for chronic disability or death after submersion) among black children compared with white children (0–19 years) 29.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proposed strategies to reduce drowning among ethnic-minority populations were summarised into six categories: education-based, practical programmes, community engagement, policy and research (table 4). Seven studies recommended generally ‘targeting’ or ‘tailoring’ culturally appropriate interventions to high-risk populations8 23 25 27 35 49 (table 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WHO suggests that populations at elevated risk of drowning include those of socioeconomic status, with poor levels of education, people living in rural and remote settings and ethnic-minority populations (both in high-income and low-income countries) 7. For example, black, Hispanic and Latino populations are reported to have the highest rates of drowning in the USA,8 9 and in New Zealand, people of Maori and Pacific Islander ethnicity record higher drowning rates compared with the European population,10 and Aboriginal people are over-represented in the drowning statistics in Canada 4…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Willcox-Pidgeon¹,

Franklin

Leggat

et al. 2020

Inj Prev

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IntroductionSome populations have been less susceptible to reductions in drowning than others. It has been hypothesised that this is due to prevention strategies failing to account for the influence of social determinants (such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status). Populations such as ethnic minorities have been over-represented in injury statistics, however this is not well explored in drowning. This study aims to identify high-risk populations for drowning, risk factors and prevention strategies.MethodsA literature review undertaken systematically using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach was conducted of peer-reviewed literature in English, published between 1990 and 2018 from high-income countries. Search terms included drowning, water safety, ethnic minority, migrant, and culturally diverse.ResultsIn total, 35 articles were included. High-risk populations identified were: ethnic minorities, First Nations/Aboriginal people, migrants and rural residents. Over half (51%) focused on children (0–18 years). Risk factors included social determinants, swimming ability and knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. Four intervention studies were found; two focused on upskilling adults from high-risk populations to increase employment opportunities within the aquatic industry; an evaluation of a 10-year rock fishing safety education project and a learn-to-swim programme for minority children. Proposed prevention strategies included education, practical skills, research, policy and engagement.DiscussionLimited literature exists pertaining to drowning among adults from high-risk populations. There is a need to increase the sophistication of drowning prevention strategies addressing the disparities in drowning from a culturally appropriate perspective. Acknowledging the role of the social determinants of health in drowning prevention is essential in order to improve drowning outcomes for high-risk populations globally.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three US studies presented non-fatal drowning rates 8 22 29. Drowning has three outcomes: death, residual morbidity and no morbidity 7.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Willcox-Pidgeon¹,

Franklin

Leggat

et al. 2020

Inj Prev

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Racial and ethnic differences in pediatric unintentional injuries requiring hospitalization

Jeffries

Puls

Hall

et al. 2022

Journal of Hospital Medicine

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Background/Objective This study aims to comprehensively examine racial and ethnic differences in pediatric unintentional injuries requiring hospitalization by age across injury mechanisms. Study Design This was a retrospective, nationally representative cross‐sectional analysis of discharge data within the 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database for 98,611 children ≤19 years with unintentional injuries resulting in hospitalization. Injury categories included passengers and pedestrians injured in a motor vehicle crash, falls, drownings, burns, firearms, drug and nondrug poisonings, suffocations, and other injuries. Relative risk (RR) for injuries requiring hospitalization were calculated for children of Black, Hispanic, and Other races and ethnicities compared with White children, and then RR were further stratified by age. Excessive hospitalizations were calculated as the absolute number of hospitalizations for each race and ethnicity group that would have been avoided if each group had the same rate as White children. Results Black children were significantly more likely to be hospitalized compared with White children for all injury mechanisms except falls, and in nearly all age groups with the greatest RR for firearm injuries (RR 9.8 [95% confidence interval: 9.5–10.2]). Differences were associated with 6263 excessive hospitalizations among all racial and ethnic minority children compared with White children. Conclusions Racial and ethnic minority children represent populations at persistent disproportionate risk for injuries resulting in hospitalization; risk that varies in important ways by injury mechanism and children's age. These findings suggest the importance of the environmental and societal exposures that may drive these differences, but other factors, such as provider bias, may also contribute.

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What does ‘Keep Watch’ mean to migrant parents? Examining differences in supervision, cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and water familiarisation

Bona

Crawford

Nimmo³

et al. 2019

Int J Public Health

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Objectives Drowning is a public health challenge. Children of migrants may be at increased risk as parents may be unaware of local water safety issues. This study explores differences between Australian-born and migrant parents in Western Australia for: (1) swimming ability; (2) supervision; (3) water familiarisation; and (4) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Methods A cross-sectional survey of parents and carers of children aged under 5 years residing in WA (n = 1506) captured demographics, knowledge of appropriate supervision, water safety knowledge and skills. Logistic regression was conducted. Results Migrants were significantly less likely to identify adequate supervision (p = 0.004); have participated in child water familiarisation programmes (p = 0.000); or perceived themselves as able swimmers (p = 0.000). Significantly less migrants had also undertaken CPR training (p = 0.000). Conclusions Findings add to the small but growing body of literature highlighting the importance of tailored drowning prevention strategies for migrants in countries such as Australia with a strong aquatic culture.

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Unintentional, non-fatal drowning of children: US trends and racial/ethnic disparities

Cited by 36 publications

References 28 publications

Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Racial and ethnic differences in pediatric unintentional injuries requiring hospitalization

What does ‘Keep Watch’ mean to migrant parents? Examining differences in supervision, cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and water familiarisation

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