Unintentional intracarotid injections in the horse—15 cases (2010–2020)

Abstract

The jugular vein is the most used site for venipuncture and drug administration in equids. The frequent administration of intravenous medications in these veins and its anatomical proximity to the carotid artery can lead to unintentional intracarotid injections. Both vascular structures run parallel through the neck jugular groove between the sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus muscles, with the carotid artery situated medially to the jugular vein (Barone, 2012;Sisson et al., 1975). If the two vessels are followed from the head to

Advanced Strategies of Drug Delivery via Oral, Topical, and Parenteral Administration Routes: Where Do Equine Medications Stand?

“…The stable isotope breath test is another technique used to determine gastric emptying time [64]. It involves the measurement of the rate of increments in the expiration of 13 C: 12 C ratio, following the ingestion of a meal labeled with a stable non-radioactive isotope, 13 C [65]. The 13 C: 12 C ratio can then be used as an indirect measure of the gastric emptying rate for that particular meal.…”

“…However, it was also important to notice the difference in gastric half emptying time between the bicarbonate and acetate test. The reason for this is that the 13 C-acetate requires time to be metabolized, hence, resulting in a slightly longer gastric emptying time. 13 C-octanoic acid breath test was also conducted to assess the solid material gastric emptying and a gastric half emptying time, with a value of 3.79  1.53 h observed [47].…”

“…Sutton et al [76] utilized the lactose 13 C-ureide breath test (LUBT), a safe and non-invasive way to evaluate the orocecal transit time in equines. The test was conducted using 3 different methods: an induced LUBT, non-induced LUBT, and a dual-isotope test [76,77] (Table 2).…”

“…The test was conducted using 3 different methods: an induced LUBT, non-induced LUBT, and a dual-isotope test [76,77] (Table 2). An induced LUBT was performed by administering a priming dose of 12 C-LU to optimize equine lactose 13 C-ureide ( 13 C-LU) digestion [77]. A non-induced LUBT was conducted in the same fashion without the priming dose, and the dual-isotope test was always done following the same procedure but with an addition of 13 C-octanoic acid.…”

“…An induced LUBT was performed by administering a priming dose of 12 C-LU to optimize equine lactose 13 C-ureide ( 13 C-LU) digestion [77]. A non-induced LUBT was conducted in the same fashion without the priming dose, and the dual-isotope test was always done following the same procedure but with an addition of 13 C-octanoic acid. OCTT was evaluated by analyzing the 13 C: 12 C ratio of breath samples using a mass spectrometer.…”