Uniform, Large-Area, Highly Ordered Peptoid Monolayer and Bilayer Films for Sensing Applications

Abstract

The production of atomically defined, uniform, large area 2D materials remains as a challenge in materials chemistry. Many methods to produce 2D nanomaterials suffer from limited lateral film dimensions, lack of film uniformity, or limited chemical diversity. These issues have hindered the application of these materials to sensing applications, which require large area uniform films to achieve reliable and consistent signals. Furthermore, the development of a 2D material system that is biocompatible and readily chemically tunable has been a fundamental challenge. Here we report a simple, robust method for the production of large area, uniform, and highly tunable monolayer and bilayer films from sequence-defined peptoid polymers, and their application as highly selective molecular recognition elements in sensor production. Monolayers and bilayer films were produced on the centimeter scale using Langmuir-Blodgett methods, and exhibited a high degree of uniformity and ordering as evidenced by atomic force microscopy, electron diffraction and grazing incidence X-ray scattering. We further demonstrated the utility of these films in sensing applications by employing the bio-layer interferometry technique to detect the specific binding of the pathogen derived proteins, shiga toxin and anthrax protective antigen, to peptoid-coated sensors.

Solution Self-Assembly of Coil-Crystalline Diblock Copolypeptoids Bearing Alkyl Side Chains

“…Due to the absence of hydrogen bonding and stereogenic centers along the backbone ( Figure 1 ), polypeptoids exhibit good thermal processability and solubility in various organic solvents, as well as enhanced protease stability, in sharp contrast to polypeptides. These features make polypeptoid a potential candidate for a wide variety of biomedical and biotechnological applications, such as antifouling coatings [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ], drug/gene delivery [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ] and biosensing [ 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Recent developments in the controlled polymerization and solid-phase synthesis have enabled access to a variety of polypeptoids with tailorable chain length, N-substituent structures, sequence, and architecture [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ].…”

Bio-instructive materials on-demand – combinatorial chemistry of peptoids, foldamers, and beyond

“…Peptoids and their foldamers serve as a scaffold for diverse bioinspired materials. 1,3,135,136 The applications of these peptoid-based materials span molecular recognition and sensing, 135,[162][163][164][165] membranes, 31,166,167 antifouling coatings, [168][169][170][171][172] the assembly and arrangement of nanoparticles [173][174][175][176][177][178] and chromatography. [179][180][181][182] Some of these unique materials emerged with the help of combinatorial approaches.…”

Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects

“…By using Langmuir Blodgett methods, uniform large-area 2-D materials are achieved, and these films can be used for biolayer interferometry. The detection of specific binding of pathogenderived proteins is reported [67]. BLI also allows the characterization of biofilms in real time which is usually a challenge.…”

“…Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included Multiplex [66], Langmuir-Blogett [67] in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.…”