Unified approach to predicting cellular characteristics in urban environments with rectangular grid‐plan streets

Abstract

conditions, when the base station antenna is above the rooftop level and the receiver antenna is below the rooftop level, the effects of multidiffraction from the roofs of buildings are very important, and the field intensity depends mostly on the waves diffracted from the building roofs. 1085

Prediction of UHF path loss for forest environments

“…[4] On the other hand, for line-of-sight (LOS) conditions along the street level in the case when the base station antenna and receiver antennas are below rooftops of buildings lining the street, the screening effects of the buildings are very important. The role of multiple reflections from the walls of buildings increases and the average intensity of the radio signal attenuates exponentially [Blaunstein, 1999;Blaunstein et al, 1999]. Thus the topographical features are predominant for the urban environments.…”

“…This operator assumes that integration takes place over known variables. Below we do not take into account the diffraction phenomena, which is actually for built-up areas [Blanck and Reudink, 1972;Maciel et al, 1993;Grosskopf, 1994;Blaunstein, 1998;Blaunstein et al, 1999], but not relevant for the trees structure of branches and leaves in the case when both antennas are inside the tree layer [Lebherz et al, 1992;Weissberger, 1982;Hagn and Barker, 1970;Blaunstein and Andersen, 2002], and will describe the shadowing effects created by such rough screens only by geometrical description of the screens. Due to this assumption, we can present equation (6) by a set of equations [Blaunstein and Andersen, 2002]…”

“…The role of multiple reflections from the walls of buildings increases and the average intensity of the radio signal attenuates exponentially [Blaunstein, 1999;Blaunstein et al, 1999]. Thus the topographical features are predominant for the urban environments.…”