Unequal effects of disruptive events

Aquino, Taylor; Brand, Jennie E.; Torche, Florencia

doi:10.1111/soc4.12972

Cited by 20 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…The Covid-19 pandemic has been framed in the sociological literature as an exogenous, contextual-level disruptive event, whose consequences have not been equally distributed in the population (Settersten et al, 2020). Two divergent frameworks can inform the study of unequal responses to such events: normativity on the one hand, and resource disparities and cumulative disadvantage on the other hand (Aquino et al, 2022). According to the normativity framework, vulnerability to a negative shock is negatively associated with its prevalence and predictability in specific subgroups of the population or social settings (i.e., the lower the likelihood of the event, the stronger the impact).…”

Section: Covid-19 As a Contextual-level Disruptive Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Buffer Function of Wealth in Socioemotional Responses to Covid‐19 in Italy

Gritti

Gioachin²,

Zamberlan³

2023

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The social stratification of material consequences of individual‐level disruptive events is a widely researched topic. Less is known about the stratification of psychological outcomes in response to contextual‐level disruptive events. We aim to fill this gap by investigating the aftermath of the Covid‐19 pandemic on individuals’ dispositional optimism and the stratification based on unequal wealth resources. The study focuses on Italy, the first European country to be strongly hit by Covid‐19, and one characterised by high levels of private savings and homeownership. Theoretically, we draw on the conventional social inequalities framework informed by insights from the literature on natural disasters, positing that wealth‐related resource disparities may have stratified the socioemotional response to the pandemic. Empirically, we leverage a combination of individual‐level longitudinal survey data (Bank of Italy’s Special Survey of Italian Households) and municipality‐level official statistics on excess mortality (Italian National Institute of Statistics), covering the first 17 months of the Covid‐19 pandemic in Italy. Results indicate overall negative consequences of severe exposure to risks associated with the pandemic on optimism. However, we found evidence in line with a post‐traumatic growth scenario, as optimism slightly increased over the course of the pandemic. The insurance function of wealth emerges in the higher optimism of individuals with more resources. Nevertheless, resource disparities are not translated into stark differences in susceptibility to risk exposure or post‐traumatic growth. Overall, our findings support a limited insurance function of wealth in the socioemotional sphere.

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Section: Covid-19 As a Contextual-level Disruptive Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Buffer Function of Wealth in Socioemotional Responses to Covid‐19 in Italy

Gritti

Gioachin²,

Zamberlan³

2023

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Section: Non-intact Families and Children's Educational Outcomes: Het...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second line of research has focused on heterogeneity in the non-intact penalty. Differences across social groups defined by SES and ethnicity have recently captured the attention of researchers (Aquino et al, 2022 ). In what follows, we summarise the main findings of the second stream of research, which provides the theoretical and empirical foundations for our analysis of the heterogeneity in non-intact penalties by migration background.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, demographers and sociologists have focused their attention on the possible heterogeneity across social groups in the negative consequences of living in a non-intact family (‘non-intact penalty’). Parental socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity have often been identified as potential moderators of the association between parental absence and children’s educational outcomes (Aquino et al, 2022 ). Empirical evidence in this regard has been more mixed, especially as far as heterogeneity by SES is concerned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-intact Families and Children’s Educational Outcomes: Comparing Native and Migrant Pupils

2022

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This study explores whether the association between living in a single-parent household and children’s educational outcomes differs by migration background through comparing natives with first- and second-generation migrant pupils from different areas of origin. While there is strong evidence of an educational gap between migrant and native pupils in Western countries—and particularly in Italy—the interaction with family structure has been under-investigated. We suggest that native children have more socioeconomic resources to lose as a consequence of parental breakups, and thus may experience more negative consequences from living in a single-parent household compared to migrant children, who tend to have poorer educational outcomes regardless of family disruptions. Moreover, for migrant children, family disruption could result from parents’ migratory project (transnationalism) rather than separation or divorce, thus not necessarily implying parental conflict and a deteriorating family environment. Empirical analyses of data from the ISTAT ‘Integration of the Second Generation’ survey (2015) show that native Italian pupils from single-parent households in lower secondary schools are more strongly penalised in terms of grades, and less likely to aspire to the most prestigious upper secondary tracks when compared to second- and, especially, first-generation children. Indeed, the latter have been found to experience virtually no negative consequences from parental absence. Contrary to expectations, we found no substantial differences in the non-intact penalty based on the reason for parental absence (transnationalism vs divorce), nor by migrants’ area of origin.

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“…On the contrary, low‐income couples might face lower financial loss in absolute terms, but consequential in relative terms, with a big toll on their life quality (Di Nallo & Oesch, 2021). Also, low‐income families may be less vulnerable to the income fall associated with a job loss simply because they have “less to lose” (Aquino et al, 2022). The existence of this “floor effect” correlates with the level of expectedness and normativity of disruptive events (Aquino et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much his or her job loss influences fertility: A couple approach

Nallo

Lipps

2023

J of Marriage and Family

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ObjectiveWe analyze the effect of job loss on couple's fertility within 5 years, in the United Kingdom and Germany. We contribute to the literature by assessing to what extent a man's and a woman's job loss is consequential. Further, we study the effects based on couples' income, earnings division between partners, parental status, and women's age.BackgroundA job loss may decrease the couple's fertility as a drop in resources reduces parents' investments to devote to a newborn—or it may increase the risk of a new birth because a job loss reduces the opportunity cost of a birth, especially if the woman loses her job.MethodWe analyze couples from large population‐representative panel surveys in Germany (N = 15,029) and the United Kingdom (N = 15,932) containing yearly information about employment, relationship status, and fertility histories. We carry out estimates with linear probability models and inverse probability weighting methods.ResultsOur results show that men's and, to a large extent, women's job loss negatively affects the chances of birth, especially in the United Kingdom. The subgroups mostly hit are income‐egalitarian/female breadwinner and childless couples, with women in their mid‐20 s up to late 30 s in the United Kingdom; income‐egalitarian/male‐breadwinner families, with 35‐year to 40‐year‐old women and one child in Germany; middle‐income couples are relatively more affected in both countries.ConclusionA job loss makes couples less likely to have a child, particularly if the affected partner is a woman. The income effect jointly with other “unemployment scars” likely prevails on the reduction of opportunity costs of job loss.

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Unequal effects of disruptive events

Cited by 20 publications

References 144 publications

The Buffer Function of Wealth in Socioemotional Responses to Covid‐19 in Italy

The Buffer Function of Wealth in Socioemotional Responses to Covid‐19 in Italy

Non-intact Families and Children’s Educational Outcomes: Comparing Native and Migrant Pupils

How much his or her job loss influences fertility: A couple approach

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