Unemployment, Self-esteem, and Depression: Differences between Men and Women

Álvaro, José Luís; Garrido, Alicia Ros; Pereira, Cí­cero Roberto; Torres, Ana Raquel Rosas; Barros, Sabrina Cavalcanti

doi:10.1017/sjp.2018.68

Cited by 43 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Our results also extend the understanding of these relationships by suggesting that financial hardship may tend to affect women's mental health, while job loss may impact men's mental health, aligning with findings from a systematic review that found that men were more likely to experience poor mental health as a result of unemployment as compared to women [31]. Research suggests that men are more likely to feel isolated [32] and experience a higher loss of self-esteem [33] due to job loss as compared to women. Loss of employment can be stigmatizing for men in patriarchal societies, such as India, where norms of masculinity are intricately linked to employment status [34].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

COVID-19-Related Financial Hardship, Job Loss, and Mental Health Symptoms: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Agrarian Community in India

Chatterji

McDougal

Johns

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Several countries, including India, imposed mandatory social distancing, quarantine, and lockdowns to stop the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Although these measures were effective in curbing the spread of the virus, prolonged social distancing, quarantine, and the resultant economic disruption led to an increase in financial stress and mental health concerns. Prior studies established a link between the first lockdown and an increase in mental health issues. However, few studies investigated the association between post-lockdown financial hardship, job loss, and mental health. In this study, we examined the association between COVID-19-related financial hardship, job loss, and mental health symptoms approximately nine months after the end of the first nationwide lockdown in India. Job loss was associated with higher reporting of mental health symptoms among men (aIRR = 1.16) while financial hardship was associated with poor mental health symptoms among women (aIRR = 1.29). Conversely, social support and government aid were associated with better mental health symptoms among women. Our findings highlight the need for financial assistance and job creation programs to aid families in the recovery process. There is also an urgent need for improving the availability and affordability of mental health services in rural areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

COVID-19-Related Financial Hardship, Job Loss, and Mental Health Symptoms: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Agrarian Community in India

Chatterji

McDougal

Johns

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Moreover, the same scenario is present on a relational level, with subjects who continued to have sexual intercourses during lockdown showing better scores on dyadic cohesion and satisfaction subscales of DAS-32, confirming the evidence that a regular sexual activity leads to a better relational health. 36 Not differently from other clinical sets, female gender is more likely to develop anxiety and mood disorders. 37,38 Our data agree with evidence regarding both the worsening of the psychological well-being during COVID-19erelated social isolation 39,40 and the historical knowledge about the major female susceptibility to the development of emotional diseases 39 and sexual dysfunctions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of Sexual Activity on Psychological, Relational, and Sexual Health During the COVID-19 Breakout

Mollaioli

Sansone

Ciocca

et al. 2021

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

141

119

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Background The COVID-19 related lockdown has profoundly changed human behaviors and habits, impairing general and psychological well-being. Along with psychosocial consequences, it is possible that sexual behavior was also affected. Aims With the present study we evaluated the impact of the community-wide containment and consequent social distancing on the intrapsychic, relational, and sexual health through standardized psychometric tools. Methods A case-control study was performed through a web-based survey and comparing subjects of both genders with (Group A, N=2608) and without (Group B, N=4213) sexual activity during lockdown. The Welch and chi-square tests were used to assess differences between groups. Univariate analysis of covariance, logistic regression models and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to measure influence and mediation effects of sexual activity on psychological, relational, and sexual outcomes. Outcomes Main outcome measures were General Anxiety Disorder-7 for anxiety, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression, Dyadic Adjustment Scale for quality of relationship and a set of well-validated sexological inventories (International Index of Erectile Function, Female Sexual Function Index, and male-female versions of the Orgasmometer). Results Anxiety and depression scores were significantly lower in subjects sexually active during lockdown. Analysis of covariance identified gender, sexual activity and living without partner during lockdown as significantly affecting anxiety and depression scores (p<0.0001). Logistic regression models showed that lack of sexual activity during lockdown was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing anxiety and depression (OR: 1.32 [95% CI: 1.12 - 1.57, p<0.001] and 1.34 [95% CI: 1.15 - 1.57, p<0.0001], respectively). SEM evidenced the protective role of sexual activity towards psychological distress (β males =-0.18 and β females =-0.14), relational health (β males =0.26 and β females =0.29) and sexual health, both directly (β males =0.43 and β females =0.31), and indirectly (β males =0.13 and β females =0.13). Clinical translation The demonstrated mutual influence of sexual health on psychological and relational health could direct the clinical community towards a re-interpretation of the relationship among these factors. Strengths and limitations Based on a large number of subjects and well-validated psychometric tools, this study elucidated the protective role of sexual activity for psychological distress, as well for relational and sexual health. Main limitations were the web-based characteristics of the protocol and the retros...

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“…Males, in particular, may experience lower self‐worth when unemployed, whereas unemployed female residents may be more likely to engage in unpaid activities that contribute to self‐worth, such as caregiving. Relatedly, previous research has shown that among male but not female residents, unemployment was associated with lower self‐esteem, which in turn was related to greater depression symptoms, though such work has not previously focused on Hispanics/Latinos residing in the US (Álvaro et al, 2019). Another possible explanation is that female residents are often more likely to engage in community activities that support social capital and self‐worth (Ahern & Hendryx, 2008; Bassett & Moore, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Depression Symptoms in Adults From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Holmgren

Carlson

Gallo

et al. 2021

American J of Comm Psychol

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Socioeconomic factors appear to impact mental health conditions such as depression, but little is known about the relative and combined role of neighborhood and personal socioeconomic deprivation among Hispanics/Latinos. This study examined cross‐sectional associations of neighborhood and personal socioeconomic deprivation with depression symptoms in a US Hispanic/Latino population from the San Diego Field Center of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (n = 3,851). Depression symptoms were assessed with the ten‐item Centers for Epidemiological Studies in Depression Scale. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was a composite of eleven variables (e.g., neighborhood income, education, employment, household crowding). Greater personal socioeconomic deprivation based on education, income, and employment was generally associated with higher depression symptoms, including after adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation. Greater neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was associated with higher depression symptoms in females but not males, but the association in females became non‐significant when adjusting for personal socioeconomic deprivation. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation did not significantly interact with personal socioeconomic deprivation in relation to depression symptoms. The present findings support the association of personal socioeconomic status with mental health (indicated by depression symptoms) among Hispanic/Latino populations, whereas neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation did not relate to depression beyond the impact of personal indicators.

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Unemployment, Self-esteem, and Depression: Differences between Men and Women

Cited by 43 publications

References 31 publications

COVID-19-Related Financial Hardship, Job Loss, and Mental Health Symptoms: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Agrarian Community in India

COVID-19-Related Financial Hardship, Job Loss, and Mental Health Symptoms: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Agrarian Community in India

Benefits of Sexual Activity on Psychological, Relational, and Sexual Health During the COVID-19 Breakout

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Depression Symptoms in Adults From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

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