Undiscovered Avenues? Estonian Civil Society Organisations as Agents of Europeanisation

Abstract

Abstract.Within neoliberal approaches to the study of International Relations there is a consensus that nongovernmental actors and their potential impact need to be studied more. This article examines how Estonian civil society organisations are acting as agents in the general Europeanisation processes. The framework within which they operate, the European Neighbourhood Policy and the EU-Russia Strategic Partnership, are both in theory open to participation by the third sector. The EU's foreign policy, being built up to such a large degree around notions of soft power, should also lend itself easily to the kinds of bottom-up approaches to spreading its influence, which civil society can help effecting. The empirical work shows, however, that due to both institutional and procedural obstacles, this sort of cooperation is not happening to a great extent, or is at least significantly hampered. On key issues and in terms of priorities the agendas of civil society organisations and traditional state actors also tend to diverge, with the former eager to pursue more normative charged policies, and the latter taking a more traditional approach. The state of civil society in the former Soviet Union also makes this style of policy more difficult. Thus the central argument of this article is that while civil society organisations do offer interesting avenues to explore, the EU has been far too unappreciative of the needs of civil society organisations, and has therefore not been able to fully utilise the resources they could potentially provide.

Civil Society and the ‘Neighbourhood’ — Europeanization through Cross‐Border Cooperation?

“…Civil society based within the EU and in neighbouring countries also has the rather clear potential of improving mutual cultural knowledge and understanding. In agreement with Raik (2006), Nielsen, Berg, and Roll (2009) and others, we argue that civil society can be understood as an area of opportunity for a socially inclusive and responsive Neighbourhood Policy. Through civil society networks, the influence of the EU can be enhanced in social, cultural, political and even economic areas beyond the scope of formal state-centred politics.…”

“…In his analysis, policy learning (as perceived by civil society actors with similar agendas) is promoted by 'best practices' rather than by economic-political commonalities between actors. Similarly, Nielsen, Berg, and Roll (2009) argue that civil society organizations in neighbouring countries potentially represent effective mediators of the EU's external policies. One reason for this is the general appeal of the EU's agenda to many CSO activists in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and elsewhere.…”

The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood

“…To paraphrase Putnam (2004), he contends that social progress in regional cooperation, while by no means inevitable, is possible. Nielsen, Berg and Roll (2009) have alluded to this possibility in suggesting the mutual processes of learning and political socialisation that have been initiated across the EU's external borders by civil society actors. The following section will present evidence of this in the case of Ukraine and other neighbouring countries.…”