Underwater Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks using WLAN at 2.4 GHz

Sendra, Sandra; Lamparero, Jose V.; Lloret, Jaime; Ardid, M.

doi:10.1109/mass.2011.106

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…In future work, we will extend our analysis to lower temperatures, because comparing the results presented in this paper with our previous works, which were taken at higher temperatures, now we have obtained better results [16]. We will also check other antennae in order to achieve greater distances between devices, because our aim is to apply all of these improvements in the aquiculture sector [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Underwater Wireless Communications in Freshwater at 2.4 GHz

et al. 2013

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Abstract-There are few equations for underwater communications in the related literature. They show that the speed propagation and absorption coefficient in freshwater are independent of the working frequency of the transmitted signals.However, some studies demonstrate that electromagnetic waves present lower losses when they are working at certain frequencies. In this paper, we perform a set of measurements of electromagnetic (EM) waves at 2.4 GHz in the underwater environment. In our study case, we fix the water conditions and we measure the behavior of EM as a function of several network parameters such as the working frequency, data transfer rates and modulations. Our results will show that higher frequencies do not mean worse network performance. We will also compare our conclusion with some statements extracted from other works.Index Terms-2.4 GHz, electromagnetic waves, optimum frequency, underwater wireless network

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Underwater Wireless Communications in Freshwater at 2.4 GHz

et al. 2013

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“…S. Sendra et al [26] addressed some tests at different frequencies and modulations in order to check various parameters such as minimum depth, distance between devices and signal transmission characteristics at 26 ºC. Results show that BPSK modulation presents greater stability than the other ones.…”

Section: Underwater Communications At 24 Ghzmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Signal Propagation at 2.4 GHz Using Conductive Membranes

Boronat

Sendra

Vincent‐Vela

et al. 2017

IEEE Systems Journal

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When IEEE 802.11 at 2.4 GHz signal crosses different surfaces, it is generally reduced, but we have seen that it does not happen for all material. Conductive membranes are able to transport electric charges when they are submerged into water with electrolytes, so we take profit of their features in order to know in which cases the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) can be improved. In order to achieve our goal, the RSSI is measured at different distances using different environments for the membranes, air and water environment with different conductivities (distillated water, tap water and salty water). Results show that different membranes environment produce different signal strength. Moreover, they can be positive or negative depending on the environment of the membranes and the distance from the Access Point. In some cases, we registered an increase of more than 14 dBm of the signal when we were using those membranes.

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“…In [ 21 ], the authors of this paper performed a study on RF communication in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. We measured the number of lost packets and round trip time for 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps at different frequencies and different modulations for different distances between underwater wireless sensors.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Wireless Sensor Communications in the 2.4 GHz ISM Frequency Band

Lloret

Sendra

Ardid

et al. 2012

Sensors

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163

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One of the main problems in underwater communications is the low data rate available due to the use of low frequencies. Moreover, there are many problems inherent to the medium such as reflections, refraction, energy dispersion, etc., that greatly degrade communication between devices. In some cases, wireless sensors must be placed quite close to each other in order to take more accurate measurements from the water while having high communication bandwidth. In these cases, while most researchers focus their efforts on increasing the data rate for low frequencies, we propose the use of the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band in these special cases. In this paper, we show our wireless sensor node deployment and its performance obtained from a real scenario and measures taken for different frequencies, modulations and data transfer rates. The performed tests show the maximum distance between sensors, the number of lost packets and the average round trip time. Based on our measurements, we provide some experimental models of underwater communication in fresh water using EM waves in the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. Finally, we compare our communication system proposal with the existing systems. Although our proposal provides short communication distances, it provides high data transfer rates. It can be used for precision monitoring in applications such as contaminated ecosystems or for device communicate at high depth.

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Underwater Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks using WLAN at 2.4 GHz

Cited by 18 publications

References 9 publications

Underwater Wireless Communications in Freshwater at 2.4 GHz

Underwater Wireless Communications in Freshwater at 2.4 GHz

Improving the Signal Propagation at 2.4 GHz Using Conductive Membranes

Underwater Wireless Sensor Communications in the 2.4 GHz ISM Frequency Band

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