Underwater Wireless Communications in Freshwater at 2.4 GHz

Sendra, Sandra; Lloret, Jaime; Rodrigues, Joel J. P. C.; Aguiar, Javier M.

doi:10.1109/lcomm.2013.072313.131214

Cited by 41 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…As future work, we would like to perform a new study for comparing the underwater acoustic communications and the devices used with this technology and underwater communications based on electromagnetic waves [57] [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Acoustic Modems

et al. 2016

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Abstract-Due to the growing interest using underwater acoustic networks, there are more and more research papers about underwater communications. These papers are mainly focused on deployments and studies about the constraints of the underwater medium. The underwater acoustic channel is highly variable and the signal transmission can change according to environmental factors such as the temperature, pressure or salinity of the water. For this reason, it is important to know how these devices are developed and the maximum distance and data transfer rates they can achieve. To this end, this paper presents an exhaustive study of existing underwater acoustic modems where their main features are highlighted. We also review the main features of their hardware. All presented proposals in the research literature are compared with commercial underwater acoustic modems. Finally, we analyze different programs and improvements of existing network simulators that are often used to simulate and estimate the behavior of underwater networks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Acoustic Modems

et al. 2016

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“…The outcomes illustrate that the proposed framework reveals superior performance in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime and packet delivery ratio at the cost of increased message latency. Sendra et al [5] have performed a set of measurements of electromagnetic (EM) waves at 2.4 GHz in underwater environments. The water conditions are fixed and the behavior of EM waves as a function of several network parameters, such as the working frequency, data transfer rates and modulations, are analyzed.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Alive-in-Range Medium Access Control Protocol to Optimize Queue Performance in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Raina¹,

Jha²,

Bhattacharya³

2017

JTIT

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Abstract-Time synchronization between sensor nodes to reduce the end-to-end delay for critical and real time data monitoring can be achieved by cautiously monitoring the mobility of the mobile sink node in underwater wireless sensor networks. The Alive-in-Range Medium Access Control (AR-MAC) protocol monitors the delay of sensitive, critical and real-time data. The idea evolves as it involves reduction in duty cycle, precise time scheduling of active/sleep cycles of the sensors, monitoring the mobility of the sink node with the selection of appropriate queues and schedulers. The model for the path loss due to attenuation of electromagnetic wave propagation in the sea water is explained. The three-path reflection model evaluating reflection loss from the air-water and watersand interfaces as a function of distance between sensors and water depth is introduced. The algorithms for effective path determination and optimum throughput path determination are elaborated. The results verify that implementation of the Alive-in-Range MAC protocol has reduced the total number of packets dropped, the average queue length, the longest time in queue, the peak queue length and the average time in queue significantly, making it relevant for critical and real-time data monitoring.Keywords-Alive-in-Range MAC, effective path determination, mobile sink, optimum throughput path determination, underwater wireless sensor network.

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“…Wireless communication based on high frequency radio waves will not bridge more than 25 cm underwater due to the strong attenuation of the waves [55]. This means that wireless connections such as WiFi or Bluetooth will practically not work in an underwater setting.…”

Section: Underwater Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%