Understanding the Virulence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: A Major Role of Pore-Forming Toxins

Maali, Yousef; Badiou, Cédric; Martins-Simões, Patrícia; Hodille, Elisabeth; Bes, Michèle; Vandenesch, François; Lina, Gérard; Diot, Alan; Laurent, François; Trouillet‐Assant, Sophie

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00221

Cited by 42 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The increasing recognition of the importance of S. pseudintermedius as a zoonotic pathogen has boosted investigations on virulence factors involving infections caused by this bacterium. Among them, pore-forming toxins seem to play a pivotal role in the characteristic skin infections (Abouelkhair et al, 2018;Maali et al, 2018). Because many of these virulence factors are encoded in mobile genetic elements (MGE) with extensive variation in gene content, different strains strongly vary in their virulence arsenal (Otto, 2014;Moon et al, 2015).…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Increase and The Interconnectednessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underrated Staphylococcus species and their role in antimicrobial resistance spreading

2020

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The increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance has shed light on the interconnection between humans, animals, the environment, and their roles in the exchange and spreading of resistance genes. In this review, we present evidences that show that Staphylococcus species, usually referred to as harmless or opportunistic pathogens, represent a threat to human and animal health for acting as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes. The capacity of genetic exchange between isolates of different sources and species of the Staphylococcus genus is discussed with emphasis on mobile genetic elements, the contribution of biofilm formation, and evidences obtained either experimentally or through genome analyses. We also discuss the involvement of CRISPR-Cas systems in the limitation of horizontal gene transfer and its suitability as a molecular clock to describe the history of genetic exchange between staphylococci.Given the increasing recognition of the importance of previously overlooked Staphylococcus species, the goal of this review was to present evidences that put these bacteria in the front row of resistance dissemination and highlight their potential threat to human and animal health.

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Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Increase and The Interconnectednessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underrated Staphylococcus species and their role in antimicrobial resistance spreading

2020

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“…S. pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium of skin and mucosa of dogs usually classified as an opportunistic agent, however it may cause disease when alterations at epidermal barrier, immunosuppression, and atopic dermatitis occur [1]. S. pseudintermedius secretes toxins that can damage the host cell membrane, such as pore-forming toxins like hemolysins, necrotic and apoptotic toxin of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells like Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin [12], therefore, these factors usually causes skin or soft tissue infections and necrotizing infections. Bacterial invasion of tissues and hematogenous dissemination may lead to sepsis, which is considered a systemic response to infection, and it is characterized by mobilization of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cells of the immune system, such as neutrophils and macrophages [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic Stroke in a Dog with Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Mammary Gland

Cecco

Lorenzett

Vargas

et al. 2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland is considered a highly invasive and malignant neoplasia, which usually leads to neoplastic thrombosis and epidermal ulceration due to invasiveness of lymphatic vessels by tumor emboli. Loss of epidermal barrier predisposes to secondary bacterial infection, mainly by commensal bacteria of the skin, and septicemia can be observed in cases of systemic dissemination. Neoplastic emboli and septic thrombi can lead to vascular obstruction, which can predispose to infarction in multiple organs. The aim of this case report is to describe a case of hemorrhagic stroke in a dog with anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland.Case: a 12-year-old, mixed breed, female spayed canine presented with mammary tumor with plaque formation, associated with skin ulceration which extended to the medial region of pelvic limbs. The animal also displayed neurologic clinical signs characterized by stupor, opisthotonos and apathy. Due to poor prognosis, the canine was euthanized and submitted to necropsy. During external examination, the animal was in a good body condition, had moderately pale mucosae, and it was noted a nodular plaque in the abdominal ventral area extending from thoracic to inguinal mammary gland. The mass was firm and white, extensively ulcerated, and extending from the thoracic to inguinal mammary gland. There was a well circumscribed area of infarction in the spleen and kidney. In the cerebral cortex it was observed an extensive area of hemorrhage with adhered blood clot from frontal to temporal lobe. There were multiple well circumscribed, firm, and white areas in the myocardium. Histologically, the neoplastic proliferation was composed by epithelial cells with high pleomorphism, features of malignancy, and no delimitations, leading to the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland. Admixed with tumor cells there were multiple areas of hemorrhage, necrosis and thrombosis. In the cerebral cortex there was a focally extensive area of hemorrhage, multifocal thrombosis, abundant amount of gitter cells, and moderate perivascular inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes. There was neoplastic infiltrate in the bladder, adrenal glands, and lungs. There were multiple areas of necrosis and thrombosis in spleen and heart. Bacterial examination was performed in fragments of cerebral cortex and kidney, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated.Discussion: anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland has an epithelial origin and is considered the most malignant neoplasm with worst prognosis due to its characteristic of high cellular pleomorphism and the ability of invasiveness of vessels and adjacent tissues. Therapeutic options are scarce and palliative, and surgical removal is not indicated. Dermal ulceration usually is infected by opportunistic bacteria that can lead to inflammation and pain, and treatment in these cases is focused on pain management with analgesics. The bacterial infection can evolve to septicemia with decrease of endogenous anticoagulants and consequent blood hypercoagulability. Moreover, studies demonstrate the higher risk of clotting abnormalities when associated to progression of mammary carcinomas, which includes anaplastic carcinoma of the mammary gland. In this study, two causes which may have led to thromboembolism and cerebral hemorrhage are discussed: septicemia after invasion of lymphatic vessels by the anaplastic carcinoma or hypercoagulability caused by the systemic neoplasia, which could have reduce the blood flow to vessels of the cerebral cortex.

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“…Antibodies produced in dogs against attenuated Luk-I reduced the cytotoxic activity and could constitute an important tool in the prevention and control of S. pseudintermedius infections (Abouelkhair et al 2018). Maali et al (2018) proposed that S. pseudintermedius virulence could be explained by the selective action of Luk-I on immune cells expressing specific receptors, combined with the action of pro-inflammatory and cytolytic staphylococcal peptide toxins (PSMs). Garbacz et al (2013) found exfoliative toxin (ET) genes in all the strains of S. pseudintermedius included in their study, obtained from healthy (71 isolates) and diseased dogs (120 isolates).…”

Section: Staphylococcus Intermedius Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infections in humans due to S. pseudintermedius have been described but the role of different virulence factors in human infection is scarcely studied. In vitro, S. pseudintermedius exhibits similar behavior to S. aureus towards human cells (Maali et al 2018), harboring similar virulence factors, but human S. pseudintermedius infections are scarce, probably due to a very low carriage rate. Even in higher risk population groups (pet owners, veterinary staff, farmers) carriage of S. pseudintermedius seems to be uncommon but it is possible that misdiagnoses happen.…”

Section: Human Health Implications Of These Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence factors in coagulase-positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus

González-Martín

Corbera

Suárez‐Bonnet

et al. 2020

Veterinary Quarterly

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Coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) can exist as commensals in humans, companion and food-producing animals, but can cause severe or even lethal diseases. Exchange of these bacteria between humans and animals has been described. Special attention has been focused on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but other CoPS can also represent an important threat. In addition to significant antimicrobial resistance, these bacteria may carry a plethora of virulence factors-molecules that allow bacteria to establish on or within a host and increase their ability to cause disease. These virulence factors have been widely described in S. aureus but information about other species of CoPS is scarce. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature about the virulence factors of non-aureus CoPS of animal origin. Their possible effects on human health are also described. The role and prevalence of different virulence factors including leukocidins, hemolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins as well as superantigen-like proteins are addressed. The effect of these virulence factors on human health is also described. The possibility of misdiagnosis of species of CoPS has been demonstrated in human clinical samples. Prevalence of zoonotic infections could be higher than thought and medical laboratories should be aware of these other staphylococcal species. In keeping with the 'One Health' approach to animal and human disease, medical professionals, veterinarians and health workers should be aware of the risks derived from exposure to these bacteria in people in close contact with animals, including pet owners, farmers and veterinarians themselves.

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Understanding the Virulence of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: A Major Role of Pore-Forming Toxins

Cited by 42 publications

References 47 publications

Underrated Staphylococcus species and their role in antimicrobial resistance spreading

Underrated Staphylococcus species and their role in antimicrobial resistance spreading

Hemorrhagic Stroke in a Dog with Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Mammary Gland

Virulence factors in coagulase-positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus

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