Understanding the nature of the passivation layer enabling reversible calcium plating

Abstract

As for other multivalent systems, the interface between the calcium (Ca) metal anode and the electrolyte is of paramount importance for reversible plating/stripping. Here, we combined experimental and theoretical approaches...

Stabilizing metal battery anodes through the design of solid electrolyte interphases

“…The surface of Ca seems immediately covered by the ionically insulating SEI due to the decomposition of electrolytes. 109 Cross-linked borate polymers are suggested as conducting components for Ca-ion migration. 109 Forming alloy interphases (for example, Ca-Sn alloys) can also protect the Ca anode from the passivation by the electrolytes.…”

“…109 Cross-linked borate polymers are suggested as conducting components for Ca-ion migration. 109 Forming alloy interphases (for example, Ca-Sn alloys) can also protect the Ca anode from the passivation by the electrolytes. 110 Trivalent metal Al anode with the highest volume-specific capacity (8,040 mAh cm À3 ) also faces sluggish kinetics in traditional electrolytes, which usually undergoes reversible electrochemistry under the highly corrosive ionic liquid (IL) based electrolytes such as the mixture of AlCl 3 and-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl).…”

Characterizing Multivalent Metal Anodes with Cryogenic Electron Microscopy

“…The strong Ca, O curve in the SEI is expected as prior work 7 has shown that a nanoscale oxide is present at the Ca surface. Boron in the SEI has been found in other borate-containing electrolytes 8 and is under further investigation. Extensive detail about the structure and chemistry of the bulk, SEI, and co-depositing hydride phases will be presented.…”

Monocarborane cluster as a stable fluorine-free calcium battery electrolyte

“…In 2016, reversible Ca plating/stripping was first reported in an electrolyte of Ca(BF 4 ) 2 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate at 100°C 11 . The deposited product contained not only Ca metal but also CaF 2 , which inhibits Ca diffusion and hinders plating and stripping processes 12 .…”