Understanding the implications of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections on immune response milieu, laboratory tests and control measures against COVID-19

Mustapha, Jelili Olaide; Abdullahi, Idris Nasir; Ajagbe, Odunayo O R; Emeribe, Anthony Uchenna; Fasogbon, Samuel Ayobami; Onoja, Solomon Oloche; Ugwu, Charles Egede; Umeozuru, Chikodi Modesta; Ajayi, Folake Olubunmi; Tanko, Wudi Natasha; Omosigho, Pius Omoruyi; Aliyu, Abdulmumuni Samuel; Shuwa, Halima Ali; Nwofe, Justin Onyebuchi; Dangana, Amos; Alaba, O. G. E.; Ghamba, Peter Elisha; Ibrahim, Y. K. E.; Aliyu, Dorcas; Animasaun, Olawale Sunday; Ugboaja, Nkechi Blessing; Mallam, Mala Alhaji Baba; Abubakar, Sharafudeen Dahiru; Aminu, M.; Yahaya, Hadiza; Oyewusi, Silifat

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05951

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(128 reference statements)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One initial question to be answered is the probability of reinfections, which have already been reported in recent studies ( 14 , 15 ). Apparently, the rate of reinfection or infection in vaccinated subjects is increasing ( 14 ). However, based on current knowledge, these cases are generally milder in symptoms and only contribute to a small percentage of infections ( 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

et al. 2021

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Since its declaration as a pandemic in March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 217 million people worldwide and despite mild disease in the majority of the cases, more than 4.5 million cases of COVID-19-associated death have been reported as of September 2021. The question whether recovery from COVID-19 results in prevention of reinfection can be answered with a “no” since cases of reinfections have been reported. The more important question is whether during SARS-CoV-2 infection, a protective immunity is built and maintained afterwards in a way which protects from possibly severe courses of disease in case of a reinfection. A similar question arises with respect to vaccination: as of September 2021, globally, more than 5.2 billion doses of vaccines have been administered. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study the cellular and humoral immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 in a longitudinal manner. In this study, reconvalescent COVID-19 patients have been followed up for more than 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection to characterize in detail the long-term humoral as well as cellular immunity. Both SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and antibodies could be detected for a period of more than 1 year after infection, indicating that the immune protection established during initial infection is maintained and might possibly protect from severe disease in case of reinfection or infection with novel emerging variants. Moreover, these data demonstrate the opportunity for immunotherapy of hospitalized COVID-19 patients via adoptive transfer of functional antiviral T cells isolated from reconvalescent individuals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

et al. 2021

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“…In addition, the early extended lockdown in India may have facilitated the strengthening of health systems – a critical component of the public health response to any pandemic – as demonstrated by increased testing and hospital/critical care beds over time in Pune. With highly transmissible mutant strain of SARS-CoV-2 first detected in England, South Africa but rapidly spreading across the world[32, 33], our study adds confidence that non-pharmacologic interventions can be re-instated to limit its transmission in resource-limited settings. Further studies are needed to assess the epidemiology and effectiveness of lockdown in semi-rural and rural regions of India and beyond to inform successful, universal strategies for resource-limited settings worldwide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Impact of National and Regional Lockdowns on Growth of COVID-19 Cases in COVID-Hotspot City of Pune in Western India: A Real-World Data Analysis

Mave

Shaikh

Monteiro

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background Real-world data assessing the impact of lockdowns on COVID-19 cases remain limited from resource-limited settings. We examined growth of incident confirmed COVID-19 cases before, during and after lockdowns in Pune, a city in western India with 3.1 million population that reported the largest COVID-19 burden at the peak of the pandemic. Methods Using anonymized individual-level data captured by Pune`s public health surveillance program between February 1st and September 15th 2020, we assessed weekly incident COVID-19 cases, infection rates, and epidemic curves by lockdown status (overall and by sex, age, and population density) and modelled the natural epidemic using the 9-compartmental model INDSCI-SIM. Effect of lockdown on incident cases was assessed using multilevel Poisson regression. We used geospatial mapping to characterize regional spread. Findings Of 241,629 persons tested for SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 disease rate was 267.0 (95% CI 265.3,268.8) per 1000 persons. Epidemic curves and geospatial mapping showed delayed peak of the cases by approximately 8 weeks during the lockdowns as compared to modelled natural epidemic. Compared to a subsequent unlocking period, incident COVID-19 cases 43% lower (IRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.53, 0.62) during India`s nationwide lockdown and 22% (IRR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73, 0.84) during Pune`s regional lockdown and was uniform across age groups and population densities. Conclusion Lockdowns slowed the growth of COVID-19 cases in population dense, urban region in India. Additional analysis from rural and semi-rural regions of India and other resource-limited settings are needed.

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“…У випадку, коли між першим і другим виділеними штамами вдалося виявити помітні розбіжності у вірусних геномах, мова йде про вірогідність повторного інфікування. Водночас деякі фахівці вважають, що наявність мутованих штамів у зазначеній ситуації не є домінуючим критерієм визначення повторного випадку COVID-19, а цим критерієм повинен бути один і той же штам SARS-CoV-2 і тому, на їхню думку, мова може йти лише про поодинокі випадки повторного інфікування у світі [5,6]. Але при цьому необхідно думати і про те, що у деяких випадках може скластися така ситуація, коли після одужання від COVID-19 людина інфікувалася іншим вірусом (навіть через декілька діб) з розвитком симптомів ГРЗ і якщо в цей час ще виділятимуться «уламки» SARS-CoV-2, може скластися помилкове уявлення про повторне зараження.…”

Section: обговорюється проблема повторного інфікування Sars-cov-2 довести випадок реінфекції не просто адже для цього потрібно не тільки unclassified

Повторні Випадки Інфікування Sars-Cov-2

Малий¹,

Kopcha²

2021

ІХ

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Обговорюється проблема повторного інфікування SARS-CoV-2. Довести випадок реінфекції не просто, адже для цього потрібно не тільки отримати два позитивні ПЛР-тести до SARS-CoV-2 при двох випадках захворювання, а й довести, що в обох випадках це «живі» та різні штами вірусу. Основними причинами розвитку реінфекції SARS-CoV-2 є стан імунної системи на період повторного контакту зі збудником, тобто наявність імунодефіциту, а також кількість вірусу, що попав в організм людини в цей період. Це може бути пов’язано з надзвичайно високим рівнем вірусного навантаження новим штамом, який спричинив сильнішу реакцію макроорганізму, або більш вірулентним штамом вірусу. Повторно інфіковані SARS-CoV-2, як правило, переносять хворобу тяжче і майже завжди з пневмонією. Можливість повторного і, навіть, багаторазового інфікування створює ситуацію постійної циркуляції SARS-CoV-2 з багаторічною проблемою ліквідації цієї інфекції взагалі (нові мутації, нові вакцини тощо).

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Understanding the implications of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections on immune response milieu, laboratory tests and control measures against COVID-19

Cited by 15 publications

References 79 publications

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

Impact of National and Regional Lockdowns on Growth of COVID-19 Cases in COVID-Hotspot City of Pune in Western India: A Real-World Data Analysis

Повторні Випадки Інфікування Sars-Cov-2

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