Understanding the glioblastoma tumor biology to optimize photodynamic therapy: From molecular to cellular events

Abstract

Gliomas are malignant tumors that originate in the central nervous system (CNS). Any tumor that forms in glial cells, or in supporting tissue of the brain is called a glioma. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a subtype of glioma that tends to grow rapidly, spread to other tissues, and has a poor prognosis. GBM is the most aggressive and the most common adult primary intracranial neoplasm (Delgado-Martín & Medina, 2020; Louis et al., 2016). GBM is more common in people ages 50 to 70 and is more prevalent in men than women (Louis et al., 2016). The symptoms or signs of the presence of this type of tumor are: increased pressure on the brain, headaches, seizures, memory loss, and behavioral changes (Sizoo et al., 2010). GBM was previously known as glioblastoma multiforme and the term "multiform" refers to the tumor heterogeneity (Sturm et al., 2014). GBMs may have originated from different kinds of cells, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The histological features that distinguish GBM from all the other gliomas are the presence of necrosis (dead cells) and the increase in blood vessels around the tumor (D'Alessio et al., 2019). The World Health

RETRACTED: Anti-Cancer Activities of Thyrointegrin αvβ3 Antagonist Mono- and Bis-Triazole Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid Conjugated via Polyethylene Glycols in Glioblastoma

“…Due to the severity of the disease, patients survive an average of only 12 months, and most do not survive beyond two years. Standard treatments of surgery, radiation, and conventional chemotherapy can increase the five-year survival rate to 5–8% [ 3 , 4 ]. Overall survival has been improved in clinical trial populations within the last few years from 12 months to 16 months.…”

Adjusting the Molecular Clock: The Importance of Circadian Rhythms in the Development of Glioblastomas and Its Intervention as a Therapeutic Strategy

“…Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) was also proposed as a promising novel strategy for the treatment of different tumors [ 109 , 110 ], since recent evidence shows exciting results upon GBM treatment using PDT [ 111 , 112 , 113 ]. PDT combines light, oxygen, and a photoactivatable compound to induce a series of chemical reactions leading to cell death and tumor growth obstruction.…”

Adjusting the Clock: the Importance of Circadian Rhythms in the Development of Glioblastomas and Its Intervention as a Therapeutic Strategy

“…Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) was also proposed as a novel promising strategy for the treatment of different tumors [109,110], since recent evidence shows exciting results upon GBM treatment using PDT [111][112][113]. PDT combines light, oxygen, and a photoactivatable compound to induce a series of chemical reactions leading to cell death and tumor growth obstruction.…”