Understanding the effects of training on underwater undulatory swimming performance and kinematics

Ruiz-Navarro, Jesús J.; Cano-Adamuz, Marta; Andersen, Jordan; Cuenca-Fernández, Francisco; López-Contreras, Gracia; Vanrenterghem, Jos; Arellano, Raúl

doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1891276

Cited by 24 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies showed little difference in the streamlined abilities between individuals [38]. However, in addition to the pure impulse during push-off, the angle at take-off and body position during the underwater phase may substantially affect turn times due to drag forces underwater [34,36,39]. Therefore, the swimmers' ability to maintain the force from their push-off from the wall and/or to keep the correct body alignment throughout the race may be less affected by fatigue during the race and explain the lower performance variation during the wall exit section times, i.e., OUT-5m.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Cuenca-Fernández

Ruiz-Navarro

Polach

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Turn performances are important success factors for short-course races, and more consistent turn times may distinguish between higher and lower-ranked swimmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coefficients of variation (CV) and performance progressions (∆%) of turn performances. The eight finalists and eight fastest swimmers from the heats that did not qualify for the semi-finals, i.e., from 17th to 24th place, of the 100, 200, 400, and 800 (females only)/1500 m (males only) freestyle events at the 2019 European Short Course Championships were included, resulting in a total of 64 male (finalists: age: 22.3 ± 2.6, FINA points: 914 ± 31 vs. heats: age: 21.5 ± 3.1, FINA points: 838 ± 74.9) and 64 female swimmers (finalists: age: 22.9 ± 4.8, FINA points: 904 ± 24.5 vs. heats: age: 20.1 ± 3.6, FINA points: 800 ± 48). A linear mixed model was used to compare inter- and intra-individual performance variation. Interactions between CVs, ∆%, and mean values were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed impaired turn performances as the races progressed. Finalists showed faster turn section times than the eight fastest non-qualified swimmers from the heats (p < 0.001). Additionally, turn section times were faster for short-, i.e., 100 and 200 m, than middle- and long-distance races, i.e., 400 to 1500 m races (p < 0.001). Regarding variation in turn performance, finalists showed lower CVs and ∆% for all turn section times (0.74% and 1.49%) compared to non-qualified swimmers (0.91% and 1.90%, respectively). Similarly, long-distance events, i.e., 800/1500 m, showed lower mean CVs and higher mean ∆% (0.69% and 1.93%) than short-distance, i.e., 100 m events (0.93% and 1.39%, respectively). Regarding turn sections, the largest CV and ∆% were found 5 m before wall contact (0.70% and 1.45%) with lower CV and more consistent turn section times 5 m after wall contact (0.42% and 0.54%). Non-qualified swimmers should aim to match the superior turn performances and faster times of finalists in all turn sections. Both finalists and non-qualified swimmers should pay particular attention to maintaining high velocities when approaching the wall as the race progresses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Cuenca-Fernández

Ruiz-Navarro

Polach

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…In this sense, the acceleration between the push off and the maximal speed is also increased, indicating that force production during the push off was enhanced with the plyometric training. Additionally, swimmers can obtain higher glide velocities and lower times after the push off (time to 1 or 2 m) with a hydrodynamic drag reduction [32].…”

Section: Plyometric Training Effects On Swimming Turn Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dry-Land Training Programs on Swimming Turn Performance: A Systematic Review

Hermosilla

Sanders

González-Mohíno

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Swimming coaches have prescribed dry-land training programs over the years to improve the overall swimming performance (starts, clean swimming, turns and finish). The main aim of the present systematic review was to examine the effects of dry-land strength and conditioning programs on swimming turns. Four online databases were scrutinised, data were extracted using the Preferred PRISMA guidelines and the PEDro scale was applied. A total of 1259 articles were retrieved from database searches. From the 19 studies which were full-text evaluated, six studies were included in the review process. The review indicated that plyometric, strength, ballistic and core training programs were implemented for improving swimming turn performance. Strength, ballistic and plyometric training focusing on neural enhancement seem to be effective for improving swimming turn performance. The data related to training of the core were not conclusive. Coaches should consider incorporating exercises focusing on improving the neuromuscular factor of the leg-extensor muscles into their daily dry-land training programs. More researches are needed to provide a better understanding of the training methods effects and training organisations for improving swimming turn performance.

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“…Main rational suggests that angular displacement of the lower trunk plays a key-role on the dolphin kick performance (Ikeda et al, 2021). Another phase of the start that plays a determinant role on the start performance is the transition between underwater to surface (Ruiz-Navarro et al, 2021;Trinidad et al, 2020, Veiga et al, 2016. Overall, it was noted that the transition phase is faster in freestyle and butterfly than in backstroke or breaststroke (Trinidad et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative data of the start in the 50 m events at the 2021 LEN European Championships and understanding its relationship with the final race

Morais¹

2023

EJHM

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This study aimed to: (i) present normative data of the variables related to the start in the four swim strokes by tier and sex, and; (ii) understand the relationship between the 15th meter mark time and the final race time of the male and female swimmers competing in the four 50 m events at the 2021 European Championships. Participants were all male and female swimmers who competed in the 50 m events at the 2021 LEN European Championships held in Budapest. The official race times and block times were retrieved from the official competition website. All starting variables were analyzed in a dedicated software for race analysis. The 15th meter mark time was used as the start main outcome. For all events by sex, the 15th meter mark time was the variable presenting the highest and largest tier effect (p < 0.001) besides the final race time. Overall, despite the swim stroke, the variables related to the underwater phase were also responsible for the significant tier effect (p < 0.001). The 15th meter mark time presented a high to very-high relationship with the final race time in all four swim strokes. This relationship was stronger in freestyle (both sexes). That is, swimmers who achieve the 15th meter mark sooner are more likely to deliver better performances. Coaches must be aware that the underwater phase plays a key-role on the swimmers’ (both sexes) start performance. Nonetheless, different strategies can be used based on the swimmers’ strength and weaknesses. Moreover, the start performance in all four swim strokes and in both sexes can strongly predict the final race time.

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Understanding the effects of training on underwater undulatory swimming performance and kinematics

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

Effects of Dry-Land Training Programs on Swimming Turn Performance: A Systematic Review

Normative data of the start in the 50 m events at the 2021 LEN European Championships and understanding its relationship with the final race

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