Understanding the Effects of Age, Period, and Cohort on Incidence and Mortality Rates

Trends in breast cancer incidence in Sweden 1958-1988 by time period and birth cohort

“…Indeed, we found a significant decrease in recent years among women 75 years and older (Table III). In most previous studies, marked cohort effects were noted Hakulinen et al, 1986;Ewertz & Carstensen, 1988), which were judged to be the most important explanation in studies analysing simultaneously the effects of age, period and cohort (Holford et al, 1991;Ewertz & Carstensen, 1988).…”

“…Such restrictions cannot be avoided, but they all have drawbacks. Our choice, following Holford (1991) was based on the fact that cohort effects were stronger than the period effects. We therefore assumed that the linear period effect had a zero slope.…”

Homicídios de mulheres nas distintas regiões brasileiras nos últimos 35 anos: análise do efeito da idade-período e coorte de nascimento

“…Mortality trends of diseases and health problems can be affected by changes in the recording of death and the quality of mortality information systems [21][22][23] . Thus, the current study also sought to analyze the mortality trends of events of undetermined intent, represented by the ICD-9 E980 to E989 and ICD-10 Y10 to Y34 codes, respectively.…”

“…These were extremely important in order to give visibility to the issue of gender-based violence in Brazil 5,13,16,18 . However, they did not analyze the effect of birth cohorts, a significant factor in the evolution of the incidence and mortality rates for diseases and health problems [21][22][23] .…”

The Impact of Cohort Membership on Disposable Incomes in West Germany, France, and the United States

“…Problematically, the same linear trend of income-change can either be understood as a) a combination of an age effect (income increases by 5 euro per 5-year age group) plus a period effect (income increases by 1 euro per 5-year period) and as an age effect (again, income increases by 5 euro per 5-year age group) plus a cohort effect (each cohort earns 1 euro more than the preceding one). In more general terms, if a variable linearly depends on age, period and cohort, then an infinite number of decompositions between these effects fit the data and no statistical model can overcome this intrinsic indetermination (Holford 1991;Tu, et al 2011: 2;Luo 2013). …”