Understanding Rhinovirus Circulation and Impact on Illness

Abstract

Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been reported as one of the main viral causes for severe respiratory illnesses that may require hospitalization, competing with the burden of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV in terms of severity, economic cost, and resource utilization. With three species and 169 subtypes, RV presents the greatest diversity within the Enterovirus genus, and despite the efforts of the research community to identify clinically relevant subtypes to target therapeutic strategies, the role of species and subtype in the clinical outcomes of RV infection remains unclear. This review aims to collect and organize data relevant to RV illness in order to find patterns and links with species and/or subtype, with a specific focus on species and subtype diversity in clinical studies typing of respiratory samples.

Different Clinical Presentations of Human Rhinovirus Species Infection in Children and Adults in Mexico

“…Although our study took place from 2010 to 2014, the topic is still of interest because the role of HRVs as a cause of lower respiratory tract infections has been underestimated [ 35 ]. Moreover, recent data demonstrate the importance of studying and performing HRV epidemiological surveillance [ 35 , 36 ].…”

“…Although our study took place from 2010 to 2014, the topic is still of interest because the role of HRVs as a cause of lower respiratory tract infections has been underestimated [ 35 ]. Moreover, recent data demonstrate the importance of studying and performing HRV epidemiological surveillance [ 35 , 36 ]. It has been proposed that HRV delayed the development of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic through viral interference, and interestingly during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the prevalence of most respiratory pathogens was unusually low.…”

High Prevalence of Common Human Viruses in Thyroid Tissue

“…The Enterovirus genus contains more than 260 distinct virus types ( 52 , 53 ). This makes the detection and distinction of the thyroid-infecting enterovirus types challenging.…”

Development of a rapid neutralization testing system for Rhinovirus C15 based on the enzyme-linked immunospot assay

“…To date, more than 160 RV serotypes have been identified and classified into three species (RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C; Jacobs et al, 2013;Bochkov and Gern, 2016). Since RV-C species were first discovered in 2006 (Arden et al, 2006;Bochkov et al, 2011), a growing number of studies have shown that RV-C can cause more severe illnesses in infants and children than RV-A or RV-B, including those requiring hospitalization, and is more strongly associated with asthma onset or exacerbations (Bizzintino et al, 2011;Drysdale et al, 2014;Su et al, 2020;Esneau et al, 2022). The resulting substantial public health threat and ongoing disease burden underscores the necessity and urgency of developing effective treatments for RV infections, particularly RV-C.…”

“…The humoral immune response plays a crucial role in combating and protecting against pathogen invasion, and is the underlying protective mechanism of most successful vaccines. Since neutralizing antibody (NAb) levels are generally considered a dominant indicator of protective immunity, monitoring the seroprevalence against RV infection in susceptible populations is of great significance for understanding the history of herd immunity and previous infection (Choi et al, 2021;Esneau et al, 2022). Moreover, the discovery and characterization of highly potent NAbs have contributed to the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs (Walker and Burton, 2018;Graham et al, 2019;Touabi et al, 2021).…”