High Prevalence of Common Human Viruses in Thyroid Tissue

Weider, Therese; Genoni, Angelo; Broccolo, Francesco; Paulsen, Torbjørn; Dahl‐Jørgensen, Knut; Toniolo, Antonio; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi

doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.938633

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The role of viruses in inducing HT has been explored but it is still not completely determined [51,73,74]. New data are coming up about roles of DNA and RNA viruses to trigger HT [75][76][77].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Applications of Molecular Biotechnologies in the Context of the Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Trovato¹,

Valenti²

2023

Preprint

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Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a gender autoimmune disease that is manifested by chronic inflammation of thyroid. Clinical trial studies (CTSs) use molecular biotechnologies (MB) to approach HT appearance. Aims of this study was to analyze the applications of MB in CTSs carried out in HT populations (HT-CTSs). Further, to evaluate the role of MB in the context of hygiene hypothesis (HH). From 75 HT-CTSs found at https://beta.clinicaltrials.gov/ web place, forty-five were considered for this investigation. Finally, six HT-CTSs were reported as molecular HT-CTSs (mHT-CTSs) because of these were planning to utilize MB. Two of mHT-CTSs were settled on French population to isolate DNA viral sequences. Blood, urine, and thyroid tissues biospecimens were analyzed to pick out parvo and polyoma viruses. Two mHT-CTSs carried out in China, were aimed to identify oral and fecal microbiotas by measuring PCR sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Two mHT-CTSs were programmed in USA and Greece, respectively, for interception of DNA polymorphisms to associate with genetic susceptibility to HT. In conclusion, MB are mainly employed in HT-CTSs for infective pathogenesis and genetic fingerprinting of HT. Besides, MB don't prove the evidence of HH; however, they are useful for direct evidence of the presence of viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Applications of Molecular Biotechnologies in the Context of the Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Trovato¹,

Valenti²

2023

Preprint

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“…It is of interest that HHV-6 and parvovirus B19, two viral agents prevalent in the thyroid tissue [45] could not be detected in the pancreas. This confirms the specific pancreatic tropism of EVs [46] and that their link with type 1 diabetes is not by chance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Live enteroviruses, but not other viruses, detected in human pancreas at the onset of type 1 diabetes in the DiViD study

et al. 2022

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Aims/hypothesis Enterovirus (EV) infection of pancreatic islet cells is one possible factor contributing to type 1 diabetes development. We have reported the presence of EV genome by PCR and of EV proteins by immunohistochemistry in pancreatic sections. Here we explore multiple human virus species in the Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study cases using innovative methods, including virus passage in cell cultures. Methods Six recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients (age 24–35) were included in the DiViD study. Minimal pancreatic tail resection was performed under sterile conditions. Eleven live cases (age 43–83) of pancreatic carcinoma without diabetes served as control cases. In the present study, we used EV detection methods that combine virus growth in cell culture, gene amplification and detection of virus-coded proteins by immunofluorescence. Pancreas homogenates in cell culture medium were incubated with EV-susceptible cell lines for 3 days. Two to three blind passages were performed. DNA and RNA were extracted from both pancreas tissue and cell cultures. Real-time PCR was used for detecting 20 different viral agents other than EVs (six herpesviruses, human polyomavirus [BK virus and JC virus], parvovirus B19, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis A virus, mumps, rubella, influenza A/B, parainfluenza 1–4, respiratory syncytial virus, astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus). EV genomes were detected by endpoint PCR using five primer pairs targeting the partially conserved 5′ untranslated region genome region of the A, B, C and D species. Amplicons were sequenced. The expression of EV capsid proteins was evaluated in cultured cells using a panel of EV antibodies. Results Samples from six of six individuals with type 1 diabetes (cases) and two of 11 individuals without diabetes (control cases) contained EV genomes (p<0.05). In contrast, genomes of 20 human viruses other than EVs could be detected only once in an individual with diabetes (Epstein–Barr virus) and once in an individual without diabetes (parvovirus B19). EV detection was confirmed by immunofluorescence of cultured cells incubated with pancreatic extracts: viral antigens were expressed in the cytoplasm of approximately 1% of cells. Notably, infection could be transmitted from EV-positive cell cultures to uninfected cell cultures using supernatants filtered through 100 nm membranes, indicating that infectious agents of less than 100 nm were present in pancreases. Due to the slow progression of infection in EV-carrying cell cultures, cytopathic effects were not observed by standard microscopy but were recognised by measuring cell viability. Sequences of 5′ untranslated region amplicons were compatible with EVs of the B, A and C species. Compared with control cell cultures exposed to EV-negative pancreatic extracts, EV-carrying cell cultures produced significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1). Conclusions/interpretation Sensitive assays confirm that the pancreases of all DiViD cases contain EVs but no other viruses. Analogous EV strains have been found in pancreases of two of 11 individuals without diabetes. The detected EV strains can be passaged in series from one cell culture to another in the form of poorly replicating live viruses encoding antigenic proteins recognised by multiple EV-specific antibodies. Thus, the early phase of type 1 diabetes is associated with a low-grade infection by EVs, but not by other viral agents. Graphical abstract

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“…The EV genome has been found to be the most detected genome (51%) of the common viruses found in the thyroid glands of patients with GD or HT [ 164 ]. In addition, EV RNA or the capsid protein VP1 has been found more frequently in the thyroid tissue of patients with GD than in that of controls [ 165 , 166 ], and it has been found to be colocalized with protein kinase R within thyroid cells, suggesting that an antiviral tissue response may be a possible trigger for AITD [ 166 ].…”

Section: Enteroviruses and The Endocrine Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses and Endocrine Diseases

et al. 2023

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Viral infections have been frequently associated with physiological and pathological changes in the endocrine system for many years. The numerous early and late endocrine complications reported during the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reinforce the relevance of improving our understanding of the impact of viral infections on the endocrine system. Several viruses have been shown to infect endocrine cells and induce endocrine system disturbances through the direct damage of these cells or through indirect mechanisms, especially the activation of the host antiviral immune response, which may lead to the development of local or systemic inflammation or organ-specific autoimmunity. In addition, endocrine disorders may also affect susceptibility to viral infections since endocrine hormones have immunoregulatory functions. This review provides a brief overview of the impact of viral infections on the human endocrine system in order to provide new avenues for the control of endocrine diseases.

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High Prevalence of Common Human Viruses in Thyroid Tissue

Cited by 16 publications

References 79 publications

Medical Applications of Molecular Biotechnologies in the Context of the Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Medical Applications of Molecular Biotechnologies in the Context of the Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Live enteroviruses, but not other viruses, detected in human pancreas at the onset of type 1 diabetes in the DiViD study

Viruses and Endocrine Diseases

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