Understanding of Colistin Usage in Food Animals and Available Detection Techniques: A Review

Abstract

Progress in the medical profession is determined by the achievements and effectiveness of new antibiotics in the treatment of microbial infections. However, the development of multiple-drug resistance in numerous bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, has limited the treatment options. Due to this resistance, the resurgence of cyclic polypeptide drugs like colistin remains the only option. The drug, colistin, is a well-known growth inhibitor of Gram-negative bacteria like Acinetobacter baumanni, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Technological advancements have uncovered the role of the mcr-1(mobilized colistin resistance) gene, which is responsible for the development of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, which make them distinct from other bacteria without this gene. Additionally, food animals have been determined to be the reservoir for colistin resistance microbes, from which they spread to other hosts. Due to the adverse effects of colistin, many developed countries have prohibited its usage in animal foods, but developing countries are still using colistin in animal food production, thereby imposing a major risk to the public health. Therefore, there is a need for implementation of sustainable measures in livestock farms to prevent microbial infection. This review highlights the negative effects (increased resistance) of colistin consumption and emphasizes the different approaches used for detecting colistin in animal-based foods as well as the challenges associated with its detection.

Multidrug Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Detection of mcr-1 Gene in Salmonella Species Isolated from Chicken

“…Salmonellosis remains a persistent threat to both human and animal health [ 2 , 3 ]. Although vaccination and good hygienic practices are among the most effective measures to prevent salmonellosis [ 4 ], antibiotics are extensively used either as growth promoters [ 5 , 6 ], prophylactic agents, or therapeutics in the poultry industry in Bangladesh [ 7 ]. The widespread misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in poultry settings contribute to the emergence and the development of antimicrobial resistance in livestock pathogens such as Salmonella [ 8 ].…”

Determination of Colistin B in Chicken Muscle and Egg Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…The extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of colistin B for both matrices at the LOQ level spike and blank matrix are shown in Figure 4 . The observed LOQ values were well below the established MRLs, given in Table 1 , which help to monitor colistin at a trace level, as it is banned [ 1 ].…”

“…Table 1. Maximum residue limits (MRLs) of colistin recommended by different regulatory agencies, adapted from Kumar et al [1].…”

“…Colistin (polymyxin E) is a cationic peptide non-ribosomal antibiotic synthesized by Bacillus polymyxa subspecies colistinus, and is an active member of the polymyxin group [ 1 , 2 ]. Colistin is stated to be composed of approximately thirty different constituents.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Detection Methods for Bacteria in Animal-Based Foods: A Brief Review of Highlights and Advantages

“…Veterinarians, farmworkers and slaughterers have a high risk of becoming infected with resistant strains due to direct contact with production animals. However, consumers, even without direct contact, can acquire these infections through consumption of ABF [ 3 , 19 , 20 ], which in turn can lead to a larger number of hospitalizations, ineffective treatments and an increase in the number of deaths in consequence of infections by resistant bacteria [ 14 , 19 , 21 , 22 ]. The most effective way of preventing resistant strains from arising in ABF is to control the excessive use of antimicrobials in animal production, especially prohibited drugs, thereby avoiding treatment failures [ 17 , 23 , 24 ].…”