Understanding Nanomaterial–Liver Interactions to Facilitate the Development of Safer Nanoapplications

Abstract

vaccines, and drug carriers (Figure 1). The functional advantages of NMs are derived from their unique physical and chemical properties. [1,[4][5][6] Among all the NMs, metallic NMs including metal and metal oxides (MOx) nanoparticles (NPs), such as Ag and Au NPs, transition-metal oxides (TMOs, e.g., SiO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , and Mn 2 O 3 ), and rare-earth oxides REOs (e.g., Gd 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , and Y 2 O 3 ) NPs, are among the most produced NMs worldwide. Also, they are widely used in consumer products such as dietary supplements, fuel additives, cosmetics, bioimaging, and drug carriers, etc. due to their properties such as small size, high surface area, controlled particle shape as well as superior mechanical, electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. [7][8][9] For example, SiO 2 NPs have been applied in the theranostic fields, including bioimaging and targeted drug delivery. [7] In addition, the popularity of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) including 0D fullerenes, 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and 2D graphene-based nanoparticles (GBN) including graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been on the rise for their applications in battery, electronics, drug delivery, bio-sensing, bio-imaging, and tissue engineering due to their large surface area, diverse surface functional groups, excellent optical property, and efficient drug-loading capacity. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] For example, an advanced NMsbased biosensing platform based on rGO has been developed to detect the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) antibodies within seconds. [17] Additionally, a form of nanostructured cellulose (nanocellulose), including cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has been increasingly considered for applications in papermaking, coatings, food, nanocomposite formulations and reinforcement, and biomedical fields (e.g., wound dressing) due to its biocompatibility, outstanding mechanical, chemical, and rheological properties. [18,19] Also 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) (including MoS 2 and BN) with high surface area and free surface energy levels are increasingly being used for commercial applications in energy generation, sensors, catalysis, electronics, and biomedicine fields. [13,[20][21][22] Similarly, organic NPs (including lipid, liposome, polymer, micelle, dendrimer, and protein/peptide-based NPs) have been widely used in diagnosis, drug delivery, bioimaging, and cancer therapy because of their facile synthesis and chemical modification, self-assembly, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. [23][24][25] The global market value of NMs will be expected to reach US$ 125 billion marks by 2024. [26] The widespread Nanomaterials (NMs) are widely used in commercial and medical products, such as cosmetics, vaccines, and drug carriers. Exposure to NMs via various routes such as dermal, inhalation, and ingestion has been shown to gain access to the systemic circulation, resulting in the accumulation of NMs in the liver. The unique organ structures and blood flow features facilitate...

In situ analysis of nanoparticle soft corona and dynamic evolution

“…Moreover, surface chirality also influenced tissue biodistribution and clearance significantly. Most administrated NPs will end up in the liver 47 . Both two chiral NPs reached maximum accumulation in the liver at 30 min due to similarities in SC composition, particularly for albumin.…”

Highly hydrated paramagnetic amorphous calcium carbonate nanoclusters as an MRI contrast agent

“…The liver is the primary or secondary target of transmission for nanoparticles with access to the circulatory system, resulting in inevitable accumulation of nanoparticles in the liver. Nanoparticles detained in the liver could be eliminated from the liver via hepatobiliary clearance 41 . Besides the conventional elimination from liver (Supplementary Fig.…”

Surface Engineering Promoted Insulin‐Sensitizing Activities of Sub‐Nanoscale Vanadate Clusters through Regulated Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability

“…[4] Nanomaterials-induced endothelial leakiness might be attributed to the endothelial cell-cell interactions [5] disrupted by certain nanomaterials. These disruptions of the endothelial cell junctions are highly dependent on the NPs' size, [6] intrinsic mass densities, [7] and surface charges. [8] Due to this potential risk of nanomaterials, the nanotechnology industry faces significant setbacks in implementing nanomaterials in a clinical setting.…”