“…Speaking is “a process of oral language production” ( Tarone, 2005 , p. 485) in which information is received and processed before systematic utterances are produced to express meaning that occurs in the real time situations ( Levelt, 1989 ; Levelt et al, 1999 ; Yahya, 2019 ). Therefore, in the research discipline of speaking, whether it be L1 speaking or L2 speaking, speech production is typically treated as an information-processing procedure ( Luoma, 2004 ; Bygate, 2011 ; Kormos, 2011 ; Zhang et al, 2022a , b ) where monitoring plays a necessary role (e.g., Levelt, 1989 ; Levelt et al, 1999 ; Nozari and Novick, 2017 ; Broos et al, 2019 ), as it does in SRL.…”