“…neurotoxins (see, e.g., McCabe 1979;Meyer, McGeehin, and Falk, 2003). Even low levels of lead exposure have been linked to negative educational and behavioral outcomes (Aizer et al 2018;Blackowicz et al 2016;Feigenbaum and Muller 2016;Ferrie, Rolf, and Troesken 2012;Grönqvist, Nilsson, and Robling forthcoming), with early life exposure to pollution having worse effects, including cognitive disabilities (Persico, Figlio, and Roth 2020;Gazze 2016). Reyes (2014) estimates that lead costs $200 billion for a single birth-year cohort.…”