Understanding Cortical Visual Impairment in Children

Baker-Nobles, Linda; Rutherford, Ann

doi:10.5014/ajot.49.9.899

Cited by 39 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Events such as placental insufficiency, dystopia, and asphyxia from many causes are usually responsible for insufficient oxygenation in the infant's brain [135]. Transtentorial herniation due to shunt failure can lead to compression of the posterior cerebral arteries against the tentorial edge, which can lead to ischemia and occipital lobe infarction [134].…”

Section: V) Clinical (Ophthalmological) Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At least 60% of children with neonatal hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy have cerebral visual impairment [63]. Other aetiologies or accompanying conditions include periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) [136] infantile spasms, especially when the electroencephalogram (EEG) is hyperarrythmic [137], meningitis, and encephalitis [138], antenatal maternal use of cocaine and amphetamines [139], metabolic diseases [139,140], head injuries commonly as a result of child abuse due to recurrent insult to the head [47], after cardiac arrest and heart surgery as a complication of treatment [141], and twin pregnancy [135].…”

Section: V) Clinical (Ophthalmological) Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dorsal Stream Dysfunction in Children. A Review and an Approach to Diagnosis and Management

Macintyre-Beon¹,

Ibrahim²,

Hay³

et al. 2010

CPR

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The classical model of how the human visual system works is that image data are transferred from the eyes to the occipital cortex where the picture is "seen". Damage to the parts of the brain serving vision causes visual field impairment and reduced visual acuities. However, additional impairment of higher visual processing is common and may go unrecognised.Two higher visual pathways have recently been described, the dorsal and ventral streams. The dorsal stream connects the occipital lobes and posterior parietal lobes. It serves to appraise the whole scene, and perceive elements within the scene. It facilitates visual guidance of movement, by interacting with area V5 of the middle temporal lobes, or motion perception centre. It is automatic, immediate and unconscious. It is 'on line' and is not memory based. Damage impairs visual guidance of movement (optic ataxia) and visual search. The ventral stream links the occipital and temporal lobes, which contain the "image libraries". Recognition of faces, shapes, objects and routes, is attained by matching incoming data with "library data".Dorsal stream dysfunction results from posterior parietal damage and is associated with cerebral palsy, periventricular white matter injury, premature birth, hydrocephalus and Williams' syndrome, and similar visual difficulties are becoming apparent in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Ventral stream dysfunction is less frequent and usually accompanies dorsal stream dysfunction. It is not uncommon in children with hydrocephalus.A specific disorder of dorsal stream dysfunction is emerging, comprising difficulty handling the complexity of a visual scene (of varying degree) with impaired visual guidance of the limb movement (optic ataxia). Commonly, but not always this is associated with reduced visual acuities and visual field impairment, and occasionally with impaired recognition of people (which could be called "dorsal stream dysfunction plus").

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Section: V) Clinical (Ophthalmological) Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: V) Clinical (Ophthalmological) Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dorsal Stream Dysfunction in Children. A Review and an Approach to Diagnosis and Management

Macintyre-Beon¹,

Ibrahim²,

Hay³

et al. 2010

CPR

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“…It is crucial to supply children with their optimal corrective glasses, especially for near. Furthermore, children can benefit from a simplified visual environment rather than diverse stimulation, because it forces them to focus attention on a particular visual stimulus (Baker-Nobles and Rutherford, 1995;Good et al, 2001). Color, high contrast, and use of motion may facilitate recognition of an object (Baker-Nobles and Rutherford, 1995).…”

Section: Rehabilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CVI is the most common cause of severe visual impairment in children in the western world (Baker-Nobles and Rutherford, 1995;Good et al, 2001;Hoyt, 2003Hoyt, , 2007. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multidimensional disorder of high importance, associated with visual field defects, double vision, higher cortical disorders, and/or cognitive deficits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehabilitative techniques

Trauzettel‐Klosinski

2011

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

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“…The term ''cortical or cerebral visual impairment'' (CVI) has been previously used to describe the etiological factors of such visual impairment [10]. CVI became the leading cause of bilateral visual impairment in children in western countries [11,12]. Children with CVI comprise 36% of all visually impaired children in the population, and visual deficits in these children can be present even when other ophthalmological findings are normal [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmological examination and VEPs in preterm children with perinatal CNS involvement

et al. 2008

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Five children with a history of preterm birth (mean gestational age of 27 weeks; birth weight 870-1,380 g) and perinatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus were examined ophthalmologically at ages ranging from 4-11 years. An extended visual evoked potentials (VEPs) examination was simultaneously performed, using pattern-reversal, motion-onset, and cognitive visual stimuli. Although 3 of the 10 eyes displayed about normal visual acuity (> or =0.9), all of the examined eyes were abnormal for at least one variant of the tested VEPs. Pathological changes in VEPs (missing responses, shape abnormalities due to delayed VEPs maturation, prolonged peak latencies, and reduced amplitudes) were roughly proportional to both gestational age and reduction in visual acuity. A more severe pathology was found in the motion-onset VEPs (in all five subjects - nine eyes) when compared to the pattern-reversal VEPs (in four subjects - eight eyes). These observations suggest that the magnocellular system/dorsal stream of the visual pathway (which is particularly activated in response to motion stimuli) may be more frequently affected in preterm children than the parvocellular system/ventral stream (tested mostly by the standard pattern-reversal VEPs). This pilot study may encourage further testing of the combined pattern and motion-related VEPs examinations in preterm children as a way of detecting hidden cortical/cerebral visual impairment (CVI).

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Understanding Cortical Visual Impairment in Children

Cited by 39 publications

References 5 publications

Dorsal Stream Dysfunction in Children. A Review and an Approach to Diagnosis and Management

Dorsal Stream Dysfunction in Children. A Review and an Approach to Diagnosis and Management

Rehabilitative techniques

Ophthalmological examination and VEPs in preterm children with perinatal CNS involvement

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