Understanding and using sensitivity, specificity and predictive values

Parikh, Rajul; Mathai, Annie; Parikh, Shefali; Sekhar, G. Chandra; Thomas, Ravi

doi:10.4103/0301-4738.37595

Cited by 1,031 publications

(735 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

701

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Diagnostic accuracy of a test typically is described by means of its estimated sensitivity and specificity 14, 25, 26…”

Section: Biomarker Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs

Heilmann

Steiner

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chronic inflammatory enteropathies (CIE) in dogs are a group of disorders that are characterized by chronic persistent or recurrent signs of gastrointestinal disease and histologic evidence of mucosal inflammation. These CIEs are classified as either food‐responsive, antibiotic‐responsive, or immunosuppressant‐responsive enteropathy. Patients not clinically responding to immunomodulatory treatment are grouped as nonresponsive enteropathy and dogs with intestinal protein loss as protein‐losing enteropathy. Disease‐independent clinical scoring systems were established in dogs for assessment of clinical disease severity and patient monitoring during treatment. Histopathologic and routine clinicopathologic findings are usually not able to distinguish the subgroups of CIE. Treatment trials are often lengthy and further diagnostic tests are usually at least minimally invasive. Biomarkers that can aid in defining the presence of disease, site of origin, severity of the disease process, response to treatment, or a combination of these would be clinically useful in dogs with CIE. This article summarizes the following biomarkers that have been evaluated in dogs with CIE during the last decade, and critically evaluates their potential clinical utility in dogs with CIE: functional biomarkers (cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, folate, α1‐proteinase inhibitor, immunoglobulin A), biochemical biomarkers (C‐reactive protein, perinuclear anti‐neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies, 3‐bromotyrosine, N‐methylhistamine, calprotectin, S100A12, soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products, cytokines and chemokines, alkaline phosphatase), microbiomic biomarkers (microbiome changes, dysbiosis index), metabolomic biomarkers (serum metabolome), genetic biomarkers (genomic markers, gene expression changes), and cellular biomarkers (regulatory T cells). In addition, important performance criteria of diagnostic tests are briefly reviewed.

show abstract

“…Diagnostic accuracy of a test typically is described by means of its estimated sensitivity and specificity 14, 25, 26…”

Section: Biomarker Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher the sensitivity, the lower the false negative rate (ie, great confidence exists that a negative test result is true). Consequently, diagnostic tests with a high sensitivity are useful to rule out a disease (ie, as screening tests) 11, 14, 25…”

Section: Biomarker Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs

Heilmann

Steiner

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Specificity and sensitivity of the M-PCR, calculated according to the following formula: {specificity = (D/C+D × 100); (sensitivity = A/A+B × 100), where A is true positive, B is false negative, C is false positive and Specificity and sensitivity were calculated based on a previously used formula. 27 a Specificity = D/C+D ×100. b Sensitivity = A/A+B × 100.…”

Section: Development and Optimization Of The M-pcr Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a multiplex PCR system and its application in detection of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-9 and blaOXA-1 group genes in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics through β-lactamase production by Enterobacteriaceae continues to burden the health-care sector worldwide. Traditional methods for detection of β-lactamases are time-consuming and labor-intensive and newer methods with varying capabilities continue to be developed. The objective of this study was to develop a multiplex PCR (M-PCR) system for the detection of bla SHV , bla TEM , bla CTX-M-1 , bla CTX-M-9 and bla OXA-1 group genes and to apply it in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains. To do this, we used group-specific PCR primers in singleplex reactions followed by optimization into multiplex reactions. Specificity and sensitivity of the M-PCR were then evaluated using 58 reference strains before its application to detect bla group genes in 203 clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains. PCR amplicons were sequenced to determine the β-lactamase subtypes. The M-PCR system exhibited 100% specificity and sensitivity. In all, 83.7% of K. pneumoniae and 89.8% of E. coli clinical strains harbored bla group genes with 46.9%, 40.1%, 15.0%, 21.1% and 6.1% of K. pneumoniae having bla SHV , bla TEM , bla CTX-M-1 , bla CTX-M-9 and bla OXA-1 group genes, respectively, whereas 12.2%, 77.6%, 22.4%, 36.7% and 8.2% of E. coli had bla SHV , bla TEM , bla CTX-M-1 , bla CTX-M-9 and bla OXA-1 group genes, respectively. Bla SHV-1 , bla SHV-11 , bla SHV-27 , bla SHV-33 , bla SHV-144 , bla TEM-1 , bla TEM-135 , bla OXA-1 , bla CTX-M-3 , bla CTX-M-9 , bla CTX-M-14 , bla CTX-M-15 , bla CTX-M-27 , bla CTX-M-55 , bla CTX-M-65 and bla CTX-M-104 were detected. In conclusion, the M-PCR system was efficient and versatile with an advantage of simultaneously detecting all the targeted bla group genes. Hence, it is a potential candidate for developing M-PCR kits for the screening of these genes for clinical or epidemiological purposes.

show abstract

“…To evaluate the accuracy of a measure in diagnosing a disease, the method described by Parikh et al (2008) was used. The method consists in comparing the classification of the sows obtained with a specific measure (e.g.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The negative predictive value (NPV, e.g. the probability that the animal is actually sound when the indicator is absent) of the indicators was also calculated (Parikh et al, 2008).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-farm evaluation of methods to assess welfare of gestating sows

Conte

Bergeron

Gregoire

et al. 2014

animal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objectives were to evaluate quantitative animal-based measures of sow welfare (lameness, oral stereotypies and reactivity to humans) under commercial farm conditions, and to estimate the influence of housing, sow parity and stage of gestation on the outcome of these measures. Across 10 farms, 311 sows were used. Farms differed in terms of housing design (pen v. stall), space allowance, floor type in stalls (partially v. fully slatted), and feeding system in pens (floor v. trough). Lameness was assessed in terms of gait score, walking speed, stride length, stepping behaviour, response to a stand-up test and latency to lie down after feeding. The presence of oral stereotypies and saliva foam were recorded. Reactivity to humans was assessed by approach (attempt to touch the sow between the ears) and handling tests (exit of the stall for stall-housed sows, or isolation of the animal for pen-housed sows). Only stride length and walking speed were associated with lameness in stall-housed sows (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). In stalls, the probability that a sow was lame when it presented a short stride length (<83 cm) or a low speed (<1 m/s) was high (69% and 72%, respectively), suggesting that these variables were good indicators of lameness, but were not sufficient to detect every lame sow in a herd (sensitivity of 0.39 and 0.71, respectively). The stage of gestation and parity also influenced measures of stride length and walking speed (P < 0.05). Saliva foam around the mouth was associated with the presence of sham chewing and fixture biting (P < 0.05). The probability that a sow presents sham chewing behaviour when saliva foam around her mouth was observed was moderate (63%) but was not sufficient to detect all sows with stereotypies (41%). A high discrimination index was obtained for behavioural measures (aggressions, escapes) and vocalisations during the approach test (stalls: 78.0 and 64.0; pens: 71.9 and 75.0, respectively), the number of interventions needed to make the sow exit the stall during the handling test for stall-housed sows (74.9), and attempts to escape during the handling test for pen-housed sows (96.9). These results suggest that these measures have a good power to discriminate between sows with low and high reactivity to humans. Finally, the outcome of several measures of lameness, stereotypies and reactivity to humans were influenced by the housing characteristics, sow parity and stage of gestation. Therefore, these factors should be considered to avoid misinterpretations of these measures in terms of welfare.

show abstract

Understanding and using sensitivity, specificity and predictive values

Cited by 1,031 publications

References 4 publications

Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs

Clinical utility of currently available biomarkers in inflammatory enteropathies of dogs

Development of a multiplex PCR system and its application in detection of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-9 and blaOXA-1 group genes in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains

On-farm evaluation of methods to assess welfare of gestating sows

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About