Underrepresentation of Women at Academic Excellence and Position of Power: Role of Harassment and Glass Ceiling

Abstract

The study intends to comprehend the underrepresentation of women on positions of power and academic excellence in academia. The study explained the role of exploitation and harassment, which might hinder, when women were trying to climb to top hierarchical position. The majority of women supervised by male heads, sexual harassment could be used as a glass ceiling to hamper women to reach top hierarchal level. The majority participants were working on lower academic and administrative hierarchy; they were experiencing harassment throughout the hierarchical level. Similarly, they considered that harassment could contribute to the underrepresentation of women at academic excellence and a position of power.

Sex differences in the number of scientific publications and citations when attaining the rank of professor in Sweden

“…None of the disciplines with n > = 30 had any substantial sex skew (Table A2), and 36%-53% in the selected disciplines were female (Table 3). It is possible that the excluded data would exhibit a different pattern, but that would rather have increased the group difference according to the common idea that publication merits are hampered by belonging to a small discipline or to a small minority group (Yousaf and Schmiede 2016). Even so, it would be unlikely to change the overall pattern, because the excluded disciplines constitute a mere 28% of the whole population (929-670 = 259; see Table 3).…”

“…Numbers of each sex and the proportion of female appointed to professor in the study period, after excluding those without an academic career proper. it has been argued that a discipline dominated by one sex might provide a less favourable environment for the other sex (Yousaf and Schmiede 2016). With these considerations in mind, we excluded disciplines with a sex ratio greater than 2/3, namely Earth sciences, Engineering and technology, Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, as well as 19 disciplines with fewer than 30 individuals (see Table A2).…”

“…A common explanation is that females are disadvantaged in various ways, which may manifest as the proverbial 'glass ceiling' (e.g. Bukstein and Gandelman 2019;Yousaf and Schmiede 2016). Accordingly, academia is described as a patriarchal and male-dominated system by academics (e.g.…”

Experiences of female deans in South African universities: A phenomological study

“…The lineage of these dogmas may be attributed to the sexual division of labor in society (Cundiff & Vescio, 2016). Gender stereotype is described as an kind of thinking that views all women as a weaker gender in numerous facets (Glass & Cook, 2016;Yousaf & Schmiede, 2016). Gender stereotypes in society have led to the formation of normative beliefs about the distinct roles expected to be performed by men and women (Katuna, 2014).…”

Socoi-Economic and Cultural Constraints in Higher Education of Females in Pakistan: (A Case Study of Dera Ghazi Khan)

“…In Pakistani society, man always dominate in all aspect of life. Especially after marriage man makes all decisions, man do not listen female's view, so females are restricted and cannot enjoy freedom and their life even cannot get higher education because they cannot manage their domestic life and education at a time (Yousaf and Schmiede, 2016). Moreover, in Pakistani traditional system man is the head of household and does not allow that girls should get higher education.…”