Uncovering the Evolution of Lead In-Use Stocks in Lead-Acid Batteries and the Impact on Future Lead Metabolism in China

Liu, Wei; Chen, Lüjun; Tian, Jinping

doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b00775

Cited by 47 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It is considered one of the fastest growing solid waste flows on a global scale [36]. Additionally, trends towards e-mobility including electric vehicles and e-bikes [37] and increasing installations of solar PV contribute to this development [38]. On the other hand, technological innovation can decrease the expected waste-flows by lowering the average weight of devices.…”

Section: Assessing and Estimating E-waste Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Implications of Rural Electrification—A Methodological Framework to Assess In-Use Stocks of Off-Grid Solar Products and EEE in Rural Households in Bangladesh

Batteiger

Rotter

2018

Recycling

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"Universal access to electricity" is proclaimed as the seventh sustainable development goal (SDG 7) of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals list. The achievement of this goal will result in a rapid diffusion of energy technologies that would in turn increase materials stocks, subsequently increase the raw material demand as well as the arising waste flows. This study describes a methodological framework to assess in-use stocks of off-grid solar products and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) for rural communities in developing countries. The methodology is based on energy-access data. Furthermore, the specifics of the characteristics of off-grid solar products are discussed. The methodology is applied to rural Bangladesh and its solar home system (SHS) program. By the end of 2016, around 4.1 million SHSs were installed. This type of access to electricity has a significant impact on the in-use stocks, as households add the comparatively heavy SHSs to their in-use stocks. In-use stocks of EEE, in general, are low. Off-grid solar products are lighter than standard EEE, and fewer products types are available. These findings will help to better understand material stocks and future waste flows in the given context and will support the adaption of recycling infrastructures.

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Section: Assessing and Estimating E-waste Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Implications of Rural Electrification—A Methodological Framework to Assess In-Use Stocks of Off-Grid Solar Products and EEE in Rural Households in Bangladesh

Batteiger

Rotter

2018

Recycling

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“…The lead emissions from the smelting process were managed as hazardous waste and the mean value of those environmental burdens data were from the Ecoinvent database. It was assumed that 1 KVAh capacity of LABs contained 15 kg lead [34]. Through the analysis of the collected data from the typical enterprises, the LCI analysis results of 1 t regenerated lead and 1 kWh capacity of LABs were shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.…”

Section: (4) End Of Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Waste LABs were one of the fast growing waste streams in China [34]. In 2014, 9.18 × 10 5 tonnes of lead entered in-use stock and the amount of lead in waste LABs was about 1.71 × 10 6 tonnes.…”

Section: End Of Life Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Figure 5, the amount of waste LABs and the lead slag used in the regenerated lead production was about 1.54 × 10 6 and 2.14 × 10 5 tonnes in 2014, respectively. Because the recovery rate of regenerated lead was reported as 92% [34], about 1.67 × 10 6 tonnes of the regenerated lead was obtained while about 1.41 × 10 5 tonnes of lead released into the environment. Above all the total amount of lead discharged into the environment was about 8.54 × 10 5 tonnes.…”

Section: Regenerated Lead Production Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study, it was estimated that the total lead oversupply stocks will be 3-5 times as big as the lead in-use stocks in 2030 [34], so it is essential to increase the proportion of regenerated lead as raw material in the production of LABs.…”

Section: Increase the Proportion Of Regenerated Lead In The Productiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Environmental Burdens of Lead-Acid Batteries in China: Insights from an Integrated Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Lead

Chen

Lian

et al. 2017

Energies

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Lead-acid batteries (LABs), a widely used energy storage equipment in cars and electric vehicles, are becoming serious problems due to their high environmental impact. In this study, an integrated method, combining material flow analysis with life cycle assessment, was developed to analyze the environmental emissions and burdens of lead in LABs. The environmental burdens from other materials in LABs were not included. The results indicated that the amount of primary lead used in LABs accounted for 77% of the total lead production in 2014 in China. The amount of discharged lead into the environment was 8.54 × 10 5 tonnes, which was mainly from raw material extraction (57.2%). The largest environmental burden was from the raw materials extraction and processing, which accounted for 81.7% of the total environmental burdens. The environmental burdens of the environmental toxicity potential, human toxicity potential-cancer, human toxicity potential-non-cancer, water footprint and land use accounted for more than 90% at this stage. Moreover, the environmental burdens from primary lead was much more serious than regenerated lead. On the basis of the results, main practical measures and policies were proposed to reduce the lead emissions and environmental burdens of LABs in China, namely establishing an effective LABs recycling system, enlarging the market share of the legal regenerated lead, regulating the production of regenerated lead, and avoiding the long-distance transportation of the waste LABs.

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Carbon Allotropes as Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Rajkamal

Thapa

2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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Anode materials that exhibit high energy density, high power density, long life cycle, and better safety profile for lithium‐ion batteries are necessary for the development of electric vehicles. Computational and experimental studies to describe the relevant aspects of carbon allotropes as anode materials are discussed, toward the significant improvement of specific power and energy capacity. The role of types of carbon ring and mixed hybridization (sp, sp2, and sp3) in carbon‐based anode materials for Li storage explored. An overview is provided on the procedures used to analyze the storage properties of anode materials using first‐principles theoretical methods such as intercalation energy, volume expansion, and open circuit voltage. Finally, the progress, importance, design, and the challenges of carbon‐based anode materials are comprehensively discussed.

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Uncovering the Evolution of Lead In-Use Stocks in Lead-Acid Batteries and the Impact on Future Lead Metabolism in China

Cited by 47 publications

References 32 publications

Material Implications of Rural Electrification—A Methodological Framework to Assess In-Use Stocks of Off-Grid Solar Products and EEE in Rural Households in Bangladesh

Material Implications of Rural Electrification—A Methodological Framework to Assess In-Use Stocks of Off-Grid Solar Products and EEE in Rural Households in Bangladesh

The Environmental Burdens of Lead-Acid Batteries in China: Insights from an Integrated Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Lead

Carbon Allotropes as Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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