“…Through textual analysis, or interviews with student writers, researchers have attempted to tap some aspects of textual borrowing including the extent, frequency, or type of legitimate or illegitimate borrowing (see Campbell, 1990;East, 2005;Flowerdew & Li, 2007a;Howard, 1992;Johns & Mayes, 1990;Keck, 2006;McCabe, Treviño, & Butterfield, 2001;Park, 2003;Pecorari, 2003Pecorari, , 2008Shi, 2004;Walker, 2010;Warn, 2006), the student or faculty membersʼ attitude and perception toward plagiarism (Amiri & Razmjoo, 2015;Ashworth, Bannister, & Thorne, 1997;Gullifer & Tyson, 2010;Sutherland-Smith & Carr, 2005; Wilkinson, 2009, among others) and toward online detection machines (Dahl, 2007;Ledwith & Rísquez, 2008;Savage, 2004;Stapleton, 2011;Walker, 2010). Plagiarism as practiced by more professional writers, though a less researched topic, has also garnered the attention of some other researchers, thereby opening discussions of self-plagiarism and multi-authorship in published journal articles (Bennett & Taylor, 2003;Bretag & Carapiet, 2007;Roig, 2016;Sun, 2013;Sun & Yang, 2015).…”