“…The importance of adenosine and ATP in regulating many biological functions has long been recognized, especially for their effects on the cardiovascular system [Ingwall, 2009;Cohen and Downey, 2008;Moens et al 2005;Burnstock, 2002;Linden, 2001;Oxhorn et al 2000;Shiode et al 1998;Ely and Berne, 1992;Olsson and Pearson, 1990]. It is known that adenosine and ATP are key factors in regulation of coronary blood flow [Tune et al 2002;Oxhorn et al 2000;Berne, 1980], inhibiting platelet aggregation [Gerlach et al 1987], protection of myocardium [Cohen and Downey, 2008;Obata, 2002], neuromodulation [Burnstock, 2009a[Burnstock, , 2009bFranco et al 2009;Leonelli et al 2009;Ralevic, 2009], modulating tissue necrosis [Burnstock, 2002], ischemic preconditioning [Das and Das, 2008;Donato and Gelpi, 2003;Funahashi, 2003;de Jong et al 2000], immunomodulation [McCallion et al 2004], energy metabolism [Ingwall, 2009;Porkka-Heiskanen et al 2003], and perhaps other functions as well (e.g. pain mediation) which maintain the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system.…”