Unconditional Forgiveness, Reconciliation Sentiment, and Mental Health Among Victims of Genocide in Rwanda

Mukashema, Immaculée; Mullet, Étienne

doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0085-x

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with the view that combatants' psychiatric disorders and psychological maladjustments resulting from their direct involvement in a bloody conflict may linger for many years (e.g., Bramsen & van der Ploeg, 1999). The findings from the present study, in association with those of Hamana-Raz et al (2008), Mukashema and Mullet (2013), and Witvliet et al (2004), suggest that dispositional forgiveness mediates the relationship between exposure to extremely traumatic events and mental health (stress, anxiety, and loss). As suggested by Freedman et al (2005), people can be sensitized to the power of forgiveness.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The first was the Persian version of the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Goodarzi, 2003). The second was the Persian version of the Forgivingness Questionnaire (FQ; Mukashema & Mullet, 2013). This questionnaire measures three aspects of the disposition to forgive after an offense: lasting resentment (e.g., ''I cannot forgive even if my family or friends have invited me to do so''), sensitivity to the circumstances (e.g., ''I forgive more easily if the offender has begged for forgiveness''), and unconditional forgiveness (e.g., ''I cannot forgive if the offender has not apologized''; reverse scored).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A positive association was found between interpersonal reconciliation sentiment (i.e., the renewed capacity to interact again on a daily basis with former opponents) and mental health. In a subsequent study of a new sample of 101 primary victims of the genocide, Mukashema and Mullet (2013) examined the relationships between dispositional forgiveness (lasting resentment, sensitivity to circumstances, and unconditional forgiveness) and reconciliation sentiment. A strong, positive association was found between unconditional forgiveness and interpersonal reconciliation sentiment.…”

Section: Dispositional Forgiveness and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dispositional Forgiveness and PTSD Among Iranian Veterans of the 1980–1988 War

Nateghian

Dastgiri

Mullet

2014

Journal of Loss and Trauma

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The relationship between dispositional forgiveness, empathy, and hope, on the one hand, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), on the other hand, was examined among Iranian veterans of the Iran-Iraq 1980-1988 conflict. Participants were administered the Forgivingness Questionnaire (measuring lasting resentment, sensitivity to the circumstances of the offense, and unconditional forgiveness), the Empathy Quotient Scale (assessing cognitive empathy, social skills, and emotional reactivity), the Hope Scale (assessing personal feelings of agency and ability to find pathways), and the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. It was found that the higher the PTSD score, the higher the lasting resentment score and the lower all of the other scores, particularly agency and sensitivity to circumstances. The association between forgivingness and PTSD was still significant once empathy and hope levels were controlled for.The relationship between direct, personal experience of combat during war and the development of psychiatric disorders or psychological maladjustment has been systematically investigated for many years. Empirical data

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dispositional Forgiveness and Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dispositional Forgiveness and PTSD Among Iranian Veterans of the 1980–1988 War

Nateghian

Dastgiri

Mullet

2014

Journal of Loss and Trauma

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“…Positive relationships among people living and working in the same areas is a condition of productive collaboration. After a civil conflict, a country must not only rebuild its material infrastructure in all the damaged areas, but it must also rebuild trust and cooperation among all its citizens (Espinosa, et al, 2016;Mukashema & Mullet, 2013;Páez, Martin Beristain, Gonzalez, Basabe, De Rivera, 2011). Although the rebuilding of trust and cooperation may seem to be an unattainable objective, it is nevertheless an inescapable one (Kaufman, 2006).…”

Section: Forgiving Perpetrators Of Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Colombian People’s Willingness to Forgive Offenses against Women Perpetrated during the Armed Conflict

Marín

Muñoz-Sastre

Villamarín

et al. 2019

RLP

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We examined the Colombian people's positions on forgiving perpetrators of offenses against women during the armed conflict, and the relationship between willingness to forgive and attitudes towards the peace process. The majority of participants (61%) were quite unwilling to forgive. Among participants who were not completely hostile, three positions were found. For 18%, forgiving mainly depended on the type of crime, for 8%, it depended on the subsequent apologetic behaviour, and for 8%, forgiving was unconditional. Participants who did not reject the possibility of forgiveness expressed significantly more positive views regarding the current peace process than participants who expressed rejection. Disposición a perdonar de los colombianos frente a los crímenes cometidos contra las mujeres durante el conflicto armado colombianoResumen Este estudio examinó la disposición a perdonar de personas comunes colombianas frente a los crímenes en contra de las mujeres, durante el contexto del conflicto armado colombiano. También estudió las relaciones entre la disposición a perdonar y las actitudes frente al proceso de paz. Se observó que la mayoría de los participantes (61%) tienen muy baja disposición a perdonar. Entre los participantes que no fueron completamente hostiles, se observaron tres posiciones: un 18% estaba dispuesto a perdonar en función del tipo de crimen, para el 8% su disposición a perdonar dependía de la conducta de disculpas por parte del ofensor, y para el 8% el perdón fue incondicional. Los participantes que no rechazaban la posibilidad de perdonar, expresaron de manera significativa perspectivas más positivas frente al actual proceso de paz que los aquellos quienes expresaron rechazo.

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“…Asociada al perdón está la petición de disculpas, una variable que también fue encontrada como buena predictora de la reconciliación (Mukashema & Mullet, 2012;Shnabel et al, 2009) y puede mostrar diferente eficacia según el grado de culpabilidad asignado al grupo agresor. La investigación de Kamau et al (2013) indica que si la culpabilidad percibida es alta, la respuesta mejor evaluada por el grupo agredido es la que manifiesta vergüenza por parte del agresor; cuando la culpabilidad asignada al grupo agresor es baja, la mera expresión de culpa será más eficaz que la vergüenza.…”

Section: Procesos Asociados a La Recuperación Psicosocialunclassified

Reconciliación Social como estrategia para la transformación de los conflictos socio-políticos, variables asociadas e instrumentos de medición

Álzate

Dono

2017

Univ Psychol

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RESUMENLa reconciliación social ha sido propuesta como una de las estrategias que permite la transformación de los conflictos y el restablecimiento de las relaciones intergrupales pacíficas. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión sistemática de la reconciliación, las variables con las que se asocia y los instrumentos para medirla. La búsqueda se hizo en Psycinfo y en la Web of Science, y los resultados indican que el mayor porcentaje de artículos surge en los años 90, las publicaciones abordan conflictos que se desarrollan a lo largo de todo el planeta: América, Europa, Oriente medio y África. Las variables con las cuales se relaciona estadística y teóricamente a la reconciliación se agrupan en cinco categorias: recuperación psicosocial, acercamiento de las partes confrontadas, resignificación endo y exogrupal, emociones y gestión del conflicto. Se registran 12 instrumentos con una fiabilidad adecuada para evaluar la reconciliación. Se concluye que con las cinco categorías de variables se podrían diseñar modelos explicativos y de diagnóstico que contribuyan a la promoción de los procesos de reconciliación social temprana, particularmente para aquellos paises que requieren transformar las dinámicas de confrontación violenta.Palabras clave dinámicas grupales; reconciliación; resolución de conflictos ABSTRACT Social reconciliation has been posed as one of the strategies that allows for conflict transformation and re-establishment of peaceful intergroup relationships. The aim of this work is to carry out a systematic review of reconciliation, its associated variables and its measurement instruments. The search process was carried out using PsychInfo and Web of Science databases. Results show that the largest proportion of articles arised during the 90's, publications discuss conflicts developed all over the world: America, Europe, Middle East and Africa. The variables with which reconciliation is statistically and theoretically associated group within five categories: psychoscial recovery, rapprochement of confronted

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Unconditional Forgiveness, Reconciliation Sentiment, and Mental Health Among Victims of Genocide in Rwanda

Cited by 35 publications

References 38 publications

Dispositional Forgiveness and PTSD Among Iranian Veterans of the 1980–1988 War

Dispositional Forgiveness and PTSD Among Iranian Veterans of the 1980–1988 War

Colombian People’s Willingness to Forgive Offenses against Women Perpetrated during the Armed Conflict

Reconciliación Social como estrategia para la transformación de los conflictos socio-políticos, variables asociadas e instrumentos de medición

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