“…Numerous studies have investigated changes in the Chinese eco-environment through different perspectives or indicators, such as the following: (1) vegetation change, which is represented by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from remotesensing data [18][19][20]; (2) changes in ecosystem service values or functions, which can be measured by integrating a series of ecosystem services, such as soil formation, waste treatment, biological control, and food production [21][22][23]; (3) changes in the ecological footprint, which measures anthropogenic pressure changes in the environment, and a declining ecological footprint, contributing to the improvement of eco-environmental quality [24,25]; (4) the eco-environmental vulnerability index, which integrates several subsystems, such as land-resource conditions, water-heat meteorological conditions, geological conditions, and human impacts, to reflect the sustainable development ability of a region [26][27][28][29]; and (5) changes in the eco-environmental quality index (EQI), evaluating the different eco-environmental quality (EQ) of the land-use type and then calculating the EQ changes caused by land-use transition [30][31][32][33].…”