Cardiac catheterisation is one of the most widely performed interventional procedures worldwide and has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of various heart diseases; it is less invasive and allows for faster recovery time than traditional surgery (Kosova & Ricciardi, 2017). However, it is still an invasive technique. During the perioperative period, patients are likely to experience discomfort and may develop severe complications, such as significant bleeding or blood vessel injury, allergic reaction, kidney injury, stroke, heart attack or death, making these patients an extremely vulnerable population (Lee et al., 2016;O'Byrne et al.,